• 패션비즈니스
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to design appropriate digital tools for the production of makeup designs. In this study, we used a three-dimensional facial avatar simulation program developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research. This study is based on the creation of three-dimensional CG digital art of facial avatar makeup, produced by using simulation technology. First, the actual application and the tools for digital-optimization and media features were created, leading to the research and cleanup. Second, the theoretical background was applied to the formative elements of oriental colors in the designing process. Makeup design elements include point, line, surface, color, and texture. In this study, effective makeup design was interpreted to be based on the representation of particular elements, notably the design principles of balance, proportion, rhythm, repetition, emphasis, contrast, harmony, and unity. In Asia, design is based on the visibility of red, blue, black, yellow, and white-the colors of the five elements-and the use of points, lines, and shapes. This study was recently under scrutiny in relations to digital simulation and various three-dimensional designs, in terms of how to take advantage of a wide range of applications, and how to apply the findings through media and the dissemination of basic research. This study applies the characteristics of the limited existing stereoscopic three-dimensional and digital simulation programs in order to take advantage of the empirical research, providing a basis to implement this research in a meaningful way. A follow-up study is needed to extend these findings and theoretical foundation through continuous observation and in-depth technical development and research.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the average anthropometric value of normal Korean men and women and to compare the preceding literatures. Additionally, average Korean profilogram was made to serve as a template for diagnosis of facial form. Eighty five Korean subjects(41 men, 44 women) aged between 21 to 26 were selected by members of the author's department on the basis of intact dentition and Class I occlusion without facial asymmetry. Frontal and lateral photographs were taken under standardized condition with digital camera. The image was magnified and adjusted according to the FH plane of cephalometric radiographs and digitized using personal computer. To compare the Western beauty, 25 esthetically pleasing female was selected to measure various angle and distance of the face. 1. It was possible to calculate the mean coordinate value of Korean normal samples which enables the direct visualization and comparison with the use of template. The method in this study was easy to applicate under the Microsoft $Windows^{(R)}$ bases. 2. Maxillary vertical hypoplasia, upper and lower lip protrusion was characteristics of Korean norms and relatively narrow alar base distance, less conspicuous nasal projection was observed. As the vermilion exposure and upper lip length was more than western norm, chin looks shorter than western. To compare the Korean and Western esthetically pleasing profile, facial convexity and nose was less conspicuous in Korean women.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.390-399
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• 2017

Background This article aims to investigate current perceptions of beauty of the general public and physicians without a specialization in plastic surgery performing aesthetic procedures. Methods A cross-sectional and interviewing questionnaire was administered to 290 people in Seoul, South Korea in September 2015. The questionnaire addressed three issues: general attitudes about plastic surgery (Q1), perception of and preferences regarding Korean female celebrities' facial attractiveness (Q2), and the relative influence of each facial aesthetic subunit on overall facial attractiveness. The survey's results were gathered by a professional research agency and classified according to a respondent's gender, age, and job type ($95%{\pm}5.75%$ confidence interval). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 10.1, calculating one-way analysis of variance with post hoc analysis and Tukey's t-test. Results Among the respondents, 38.3% were in favor of aesthetic plastic surgery. The most common source of plastic surgery information was the internet (50.0%). The most powerful factor influencing hospital or clinic selection was the postoperative surgical results of acquaintances (74.9%). We created a composite face of an attractive Korean female, representing the current facial configuration considered appealing to the Koreans. Beauty perceptions differed to some degree based on gender and generational differences. We found that there were certain differences in beauty perceptions between general physicians who perform aesthetic procedures and the general public. Conclusions Our study results provide aesthetic plastic surgeons with detailed information about contemporary Korean people's attitudes toward and perceptions of plastic surgery and the specific characteristics of female Korean faces currently considered attractive, plus trends in these perceptions, which should inform plastic surgeons within their specialized fields.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.1465-1473
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 Active Shape Models(ASM)과 상태기반 모델을 사용하여 동영상으로부터 얼굴 표정을 인식하는 방법을 제시한다. ASM을 이용하여 하나의 입력 영상에 대한 얼굴요소특징점들을 정합하고, 그 과정에서 생성되는 모양변수벡터를 추출한다. 동영상에 대해 추출되는 모양변수벡터 집합을 세 가지 상태 중 한 가지를 가지는 상태벡터로 변환하고 분류기를 통해 얼굴의 표정을 인식한다. 분류단계에서는 표정별 표정변화에 따른 변화영역의 차이를 고려한 새로운 유사도 측정치를 제안한다. 공개데이터베이스 KCFD에 대한 실험에서는 제안한 측정치와 기존의 이친 측정치를 사용한 k-NN의 인식률이 k가 1일 때 각각 89.1% 및 86.2%을 보임으로써, 제안한 측정치가 기존의 이진 측정치보다 더 높은 인식률을 나타내는 것을 보인다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.476-486
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 영역 기반 복원 방법을 통하여 한 장의 저해상도 얼굴 영상으로부터 고해상도 얼굴 영상을 복원하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 예제 기반 복원과 얼굴 영상을 형태 정보와 질감 정보로 나누어 표현하는 변형 가능 얼굴 모형에 기반한다. 먼저, 예제 기반 복원 방법의 성능을 개선하기 위하여, 전역 복원 결과와 국부적 복원 결과를 결합하는 영역 기반 복원 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 변형 가능 얼굴 모형의 장점을 해상도 복원에 적용하기 위하여, 확장된 변형 가능 얼굴 모형을 정의한다. 제안된 모형에서 얼굴 영상은 저해상도 얼굴 영상, 보간법을 통해 개선한 고해상도 얼굴 영상, 그리고 원래의 고해상도 얼굴 영상의 쌍으로 구성되며, 이는 다시 확장된 형태 정보와 확장된 질감 정보로 나뉜다. 다양한 실험을 통하여, 제안된 방법이 저해상도 얼굴 영상으로부터 고해상도 얼굴 영상을 효과적으로 복원함을 입증하였으며, 이 방법을 사용하여 원거리 감시 시스템에서 획득된 저해상도 얼굴 영상을 고해상도 얼굴 영상으로 합성함으로써, 얼굴 인식 시스템의 성능을 높일 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.524-534
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• 2004

Statement of problem: The meaning of the beauty has a little different nature according to a time, culture, and nation. Purpose : This study was undertaken to estimate the geometric esthetic criteria for Korean woman by analysis of facial photograph in a smiling. Material and methods: The facial photographs of 678 Korean beautiful woman were collected from Miss Korea candidates(from 1971 to 2003 year). The dento-facial composition was measured and analyzed geometrically on computer monitor using $Adobe^{(R)}$ $Photoshop^{(R)}$ 7.0. The statistical significance of the differences among the 4 decade groups was estimated by a $x^2$ test. Result : The Korean beautiful woman skewed the geometric characteristics such as the 'coincidence' (83.0%) between facial midline and dental midline, the 'normal' (96.9%) alignment and arrangement of upper anterior teeth. the 'average' (79.1%) position and 'upward' (53.4%) curvature of upper lip, the 'parallel' (85.7%) relationship between the lower lip and upper anterior incisal curvature, the 'touching' (49.9%) and 'not-touching' (44.8%) relationship between upper anterior incisor and towel lip, the 'first premolar' (54.1%) and 'second premolar' (38.9%) displayed in a smile, and the 'symmetry' (89.4%) of smile. There was statistical significance among the 4 decades in the respect of the upper lip curvature, the relationship between upper anterior incisor and lower lip, and the most posterior teeth displayed in a smile (p<0.05). Conclusion : The Korean beautiful woman showed similar results to the western esthetic criteria in the some respects and the tendency that the Korean woman had more active smiling recently.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.564-575
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• 2017

Objectives: This clinical report describes one patient with the clinical characteristics of burning mouth syndrome accompanied by oro-facial dyskinesia. Methods: The patient with burning mouth syndrome and jaw tremor was treated using the following Korean medicine treatments: the herbal medicines Yukgunja-tang-gami (六君子湯加味) and Sibak-tang-gami (柴朴湯加味) and acupuncture for 16 days, together with 10 Se-sim (Uncaria Ramulus et Uncus) pharmacopuncture procedures. Patient symptoms were evaluated daily using a Visual Analog Scale questionnaire and twice using the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) questionnaire. Results: After the treatments, the oro-facial dyskinesia and burning sensation on the tongue were improved by 62.5%. The mental state of anxiety, regarded as the reason for these complaints, was also improved, based on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory results (67/61 versus 57/52). We found that the improvement was better when combining Se-sim (Uncaria Ramulus et Uncus) pharmacopuncture with the conventional herbal medicine and acupuncture used in Korean medicine. Conclusion: Korean medicine treatments may be valuable for patients with burning mouth syndrome and oro-facial dyskinesia.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.98-110
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the medical cost of facial paralysis in payer perspective and to estimate the practice pattern of patient using 2011 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample(HIRA-NPS). Methods: Basic statistical system was used for descriptive analysis of NPS dataset. A table for general information (table20) was extracted by disease code, and social demographic characteristics, distribution of the use among inpatients and outpatients, utilization of each kind of medical care institutions, medical cost were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was conducted for assuming the practice pattern of korean medicine and western medicine. Results: A total of 8,219 people and 64,345 claims data were identified as having facial paralysis. Proportion of outpatient was 95.23%, inpatient 0.84% and patient using both services 3.93%. Mean patient charges was 44,229 won per outpatient, 178,886 won per inpatient and 523,542 won per patient using both services. Utilization of korean medical care institutions was 68.81%(claims), 40.46%(patients), utilization of western medical care institutions was 31.19%(claims), 59.54%(patients). The amount charged by korean medical care institutions was 52.61% and western medical care institutions was 47.39%. Cost per claim was higher than those of the korean treatment and cost per patient of western treatment was lower than those of the korean treatment. Conclusions: The research assessed the medical cost and practice pattern associated with facial paralysis. These findings could be used in health care policy and subsequent studies.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.184-194
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• 2014

Objective: To evaluate the relative importance of bilabial prominence in relation to other facial profile parameters in a normal population. Methods: Profile stimulus images of 38 individuals (28 female and 10 male; ages 19-25 years) were shown to an unrelated group of first-year students (n = 42; ages 18-24 years). The images were individually viewed on a 17-inch monitor. The observers received standardized instructions before viewing. A six-question questionnaire was completed using a Likert-type scale. The responses were analyzed by ordered logistic regression to identify associations between profile characteristics and observer preferences. The Bayesian Information Criterion was used to select variables that explained observer preferences most accurately. Results: Nasal, bilabial, and chin prominences; the nasofrontal angle; and lip curls had the greatest effect on overall profile attractiveness perceptions. The lip-chin-throat angle and upper lip curl had the greatest effect on forehead prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle (particularly the lower component), and mentolabial angle had the greatest effect on nasal prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle, chin prominence, and submental length had the greatest effect on lip prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, and submental length had the greatest effect on chin prominence perceptions. Conclusions: More prominent lips, within normal limits, may be considered more attractive in the profile view. Profile parameters have a greater influence on their neighboring aesthetic units but indirectly influence related profile parameters, endorsing the importance of achieving an aesthetic balance between relative prominences of all aesthetic units of the facial profile.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2007

Background: Bell's palsy (BP) is a self-limited rapid onset facial palsy that is non-life-threatening and has a generally favorable prognosis. Facial paralysis can be caused by numerous conditions, all of which should be excluded before the diagnosis of BP is reached. The etiopathogenesis and clinical course of BP are uncertain. So we analyzed the epidemiology and clinical course of BP patients. Methods: The subjects include 100 cases of BP examined during the period of 18 months. Careful clinical history, neurologic examinations, laboratory tests, electrophysiologic studies, and brain imaging were performed. Follow-up examinations were done once a week during the first month and subsequently once a month until normal function was restored or for up to 3 months. Facial nerve function was assessed by House-Brackman (HB) facial nerve grading scale and electrophysiologic studies. Results: Except 13 recurrent BP patients, we analyzed 87 BP patients. Forty-four (50.6%) were men and 43(49.4%) were women and the mean age was 51.0(${\pm}16.6$) years. Three (3.4%) patients showed a familial tendency. The initial examination within 1 week after attack revealed 35.2% was below HB grade 4 and 64.8% was above grade 3. The associated symptoms are as follows; postauricular pain, increase tear flow, taste change, hyperacusis and drooling. The initial facial nerve conduction study and blink reflex within 1 week after attack showed abnormal findings in 12.6% and 100%, respectively. Brain MRI was performed in 59(67.8%) patients and showed abnormal enhancement of affected nerve in 57(96.6%). Follow-up examination showed that 78.2% of the patients partially improved within 4 weeks and completely improved within 3 months. Finally 80.5% of the total patients obtained normal function in 3 months. Conclusions: We report epidemiologic, clinical, electrophysiologic and radiologic characteristics of BP patients.