• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.226-229
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• 2007

To produce fruiting bodies of Oudemansiella mucida, porcelain fungus, on the oak sawdust medium, additives suitable for the mycelial growth and fruiting body formation were screened. In general, the mycelial growth of the three strains of O. mucida used in this study have been good on oak sawdust mixed rice bran of $20{\sim}30%$. The mycelia incubated in potato dextrose broth for 7 days were inoculated on oak sawdust medium supplemented with various ratios of rice bran and incubated for 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark condition until the mycelia of O. mucida fully colonized the media from top to bottom. Then, top surface of the media in the bottles were horizontally scratched with a spatula and filled with tap water for 3 hours. To induce the primordial formation of O. mucida, the bottles were transferred to the mushroom cultivating room under 12 hrs of light (350 lux) and dark condition with relative humidity of 95% at $17^{\circ}C$. The primordia of O. mucida were formed on the surface of oak sawdust media after 7 days of incubation. The mature fruiting bodies were observed 5 days after primordial formation. The fruiting bodies O. mucida were formed on oak sawdust medium mixed with 5 to 30% rice bran. However, abundant fruiting-bodies of O. mucida were produced in oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20% rice bran. This is the first report associated with an artificial fruiting body production of O. mucida in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2014

We have developed a method for the preparation of dispersed cell suspensions of Chondromyces crocatus, which is essential for quantitative studies of fruiting body formation. Cells of C. crocatus have a tendency to aggregate in liquid, hindering quantitative studies. However, cells grown on casitone-yeast extract agar plates, containing 3% agar, allowed the preparation of well-dispersed cell suspensions. Cell suspensions at a concentration of $2{\times}10^8cells/ml$, obtained by using this method, developed typical C. crocatus fruiting bodies when placed as $20{\mu}l$ spots on agar plates with no nutrient supplementation. The addition of nutrients such as casitone altered or inhibited fruiting body formation. Fruiting body branch formation increased with increasing agar content. Under optimum conditions, the formation of fruiting body structure in C. crocatus KYC2823 was completed within 24 h.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.209-213
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• 2006

Agrocybe cylindracea, an edible mushroom belonging to Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales, is widely used as invaluable medicinal material in the oriental countries. This study was initiated to find the genes expressed during the fruiting body formation of A. cylindracea. The cDNAs expressed differentially during fruiting body morphogenesis of A. cylindracea were isolated through subtractive hybridization between vegetative mycelia and fruiting bodies. The cDNAs expressed in the fruiting body morphogenesis of A. cylindracea were cloned and twenty genes were identified. Eleven were homologous to genes of known functions, three were homologous to genes in other organism without any function known. Six were completely novel genes specific to A. cylindracea so far examined. Some genes with known functions were a pleurotolysin, a self-assembling poreforming cytolysins; Aa-Pril and Pir2p, specifically induced genes during fruiting initiation of other mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita; an amino acid permease; a cytochrome P450; a MADS-box gene; a peptidylprolyl isomerase; and a serine proteinase. For other clones, no clear function was annotated so far. We believe the first report of the differentially expressed genes in fruiting process of A. cylindracea will be great helps for further research.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms in the world. In order to study the developmental process of P. ostreatus and its regulatory mechanism, a new culturing method needs to be established for inducing the fruiting body and sporulation in the laboratory. In this study, we have examined whether the fruiting body of P. ostreatus can be formed on the plastic petri dish which are commonly used for cell culture in the laboratory. The strain was cultured on $60{\times}15mm$ plastic petri dish with potato dextrose agar media at $28^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth and then at $18^{\circ}C$ for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies within plant growth chamber. The development of primordia into fruiting bodies was achieved on cultured dishes under air ventilation. At the primordia stage, the normal formation of fruiting body was blocked by sealing the plastic dish with parafilm. The periods requiring for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies were examined on the dish culture. About 96% and 76% of cultured samples formed primordia and fruiting bodies under the optimal conditions during ten weeks of culture, respectively. These culturing periods, however, were changed by the mechanical injury treatment to mycelia. As other factors affecting the fruiting body formation, the effects of light and cold shock have been tested. No fruiting formation was observed on the cultured dishes under the dark. The cold shock treatment by storing cultured dishes for one day at $4^{\circ}C$ did not have any significant effects in the fruiting body formation. Spores of fruiting bodies acquired from the petri dishes could be germinated on culture media at $28^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can be formed on the experimental petri dish and this dish-culturing method is useful for understanding of the developmental process of P. ostreatus in the laboratory. Furthermore, the dish-culturing method is able to shorten the life cycle of P. ostreatus without requiring large area and expensive device.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.27-33
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed the nutrient composition and ${\beta}$-glucan content in Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies from different collection areas. Four types of free sugars were detected by HPLC, and the range of trehalose prevalence was 0.83% to 9%. The highest total amino acid content was observed from sawdust media cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies, collected in China (JMI10050)The highest essential amino acid content, assessed by log cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies, collected in Jangheung (JMI10059). Sixteen free amino acids were detected in Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies, and the major free amino acids were histidine, glutamic acid, and arginine. The highest essential amino acid including threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, and lysine was fromsawdust media cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies collected in China(JMI10052). The ${\beta}$-glucan content from log cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies collected in Korea (JMI10059 and JMI10066) was higher than that from sawdust media cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies collected in China. The highest ${\beta}$-glucan content was observed from log cultivation of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies collected in Korea (JMI10066).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2015

This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of flowering and the factors affecting fruiting grades of Acer pictum subsp. mono(APSM), We examined the characteristics of flowering and fruiting in various natural APSM forest, and investigated annual fruiting grade, DBH, tree height, number of APSM trees within 30 m on 29 selected trees in the natural broadleaved forest in Mt. Jungwang in Gangwon-do, from 2009 to 2014. APSM has heterodichogamous sexual system consist of protoandry and protogyny. Eight trees have changed their sex morphs; 3 trees change the sex morph PA to PG, and 5 trees does the sex morph PG to PA. Early fall of young ovary is concentrated until early July. Initially, the small samaras are common, and was gradually increased the samaras suffered insect damage. Most flowers of APSM are pollinated by Andrenidae sp., Syrphidae sp. and Tachinidae sp.. Number of early fall samaras and the status of fallen samaras showed a significant difference by the year and region. Corymbose panicle and young leaves developed on the top of APSM twigs. Newly grown opposite twigs of APSM did not grow sufficiently and had no floral buds. The highest fruiting grade of tree was 9.0, and the mean values was only 3.8. The highest fruiting grade of year was 4.55 in 2013, and the lowest did 0.07 in 2014. Highly significantly correlated and regressed between mean of annual fruiting rates and rates of crown under sun light. This results would imply that thinning for tree growth through improved light absorption might be a method to enhance seed production of APSM in the seed production forest.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.309-318
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• 2000

The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica been used for an anticancer and immuno-stimulating agent as an oriental medicine, Antimutagenecity test with SOS chromotest and antioxidant test with NBT method were carried out using the concentrated culture broth, the extract of mycelia, and that of fruiting bodies. Among the sample extracts tested, the extract of fruiting bodies was most effective to antimutagenecity against the mutagens tested such as MNNG, ethidium bromide(EtBr), 2-aminofluorene(AF) and nitrofluorene(NF). Antimutagenic activity of all the extracts were very effective against mutagen, MNNG. When the extracts were added to certain concentration, antimutagenic activity was enhanced against mutagen, MNNG and NF. Antioxidant activity of the extract from fruiting bodies was highest. However, its activity was very low, compared to ascorbic acid.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

A mutant library of Cordyceps militaris was constructed by improved Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and screened for degradation features. Six mutants with altered characters in in vitro and in vivo fruiting body production, and cordycepin formation were found to contain a single copy T-DNA. T-DNA flanking sequences of these mutants were identified by thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR approach. ATP-dependent helicase, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and ubiquitin-like activating enzyme were involved in in vitro fruiting body production, serine/threonine phosphatase involved in in vivo fruiting body production, while glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase and telomerase reverse transcriptase involved in cordycepin formation. These genes were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and their molecular function and biology process were speculated by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. The results provided useful information for the control of culture degeneration in commercial production of C. militaris.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.76-95
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• 2009

In the fungal genus Cordyceps, the type species Cordyceps militaris produces bioactive ingredients and exhibits medicinal effects as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The fruiting bodies of C.militaris have now been mass-produced artificially and used as functional food and medicine in China. The unstable variation in forming fruiting body is however a key restrictive factor in industrial production. The genetic study on in vitro stromata formation of C. militaris has rarely been carried out. Here, we report the effects of genetic variation including the mating system on perithecial stromata formation of C. militaris. Monoconidial isolates which have both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1(genotype MAT1-1/2) could produce stromata. While the isolates only have either MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1 (genotype MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) failed to produce stromata. Despite obvious heterothallism, homothallism was occasionally observed in a few isolates of C. militaris. High genetic variation was observed amongst the different monoconidial isolates of C. militaris. The unstable variation or lose of fruiting body formation was found to be caused by the inner-species high genetic variation of C. militaris. These results also indicated that C. militaris sexually behaved as both heterothallic and homothallic and required two mating type compatible in the same culture in order to produce regular clubshaped perithecial stromata.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.145-148
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• 2004

This study was carried out to screen the fruiting body formation-specific genes from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. A cDNA synthesized using total RNA from 4 stages of mushroom development, mycelium, primordium, immature fruiting body and mature fruiting body. Differential expression gene screening was performed by DD-PCR(Differential Display Arbitrary Primer PCR) with cDNA, we sequenced partial 6 genes using pGEM cloning vector. The DNA Sequence of the six DD-PCR products derived from differentially expressed genes was compared to that in the GenBank database by using the NCBI BLAST search to identify similarities to known sequences. Sequence analysis showed that six of DD-PCR products have unknown sequence.