• ALGAE
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2002

Population dynamics of Anabaena and the anatoxin-a concentration were monitored with physicochemical parameters at 3 sites in the lower Naktong River from May to September in 2000. Total 4 species of Anabaena (A. flosaquae, A. smithii, A. ucrainica and A. mucosa) were identified with morphological characterisitcs. Anabaena flos-aquae was most abundant among the populations. The standing crop of Anabaena ranged from 10 to 11,220 cells · $ml^{-1}$ and biomass of Anabaena more 1,000 cells · $ml^{-1}$ was obseved once at St. Mulgeum and St. Seonam, twice at St. Hagueon out of total 9 samplings. There were not significant correlations between the standing crop of Anabaena and other physicochemical parameters such as temperature, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phophorus and N/P ratios. The frequency of trichomes with akinetes was low and ranged from 0 to 4% in the total Anabaena population and A. smithii showed highest frequency of 2.8% among all species. The population at St. Seonam showed highest frequency of 1.4% among all sampling sties. The population in September showed the highest frequency of 3.0% among all sampling period. The frequency of trichomes with heterocysts was low and ranged from 1 to 87% inthe total Anabaena population and A. smithii showed highest frequency of 55.1% among all species. The population at St. Mulgeum showed highest frequency of 17.6% among all sampling sites. The population in August showed the highest frequency of 21.4% among all sampling period. The frequency of trichomes with akinetes and/or heterocysts was not related to all the physicochemical parameters of temperature, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phosphorus and N/P ratios. The anatoxin-a concentations were determined in algal materials dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena from June though August by derivatization using 7-fluoro-4-nitro-2, 1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and HPLC analysis with fluorimetric detection. All the concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.1 ㎍ · $l^{-1}$ in the present study.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.854-862
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• 2013

The number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is known to be an unfixed trait among mammals. This study focused on the relationship between numerical variations of cervical (CER), thoracic (THO), and lumbar (LUM) vertebrae and the total number of vertebrae (TNV) and carcass traits in Jejunative black pigs (JBPs), Landrace pigs, and their intercrossed $F_2$ population. There were no numerical variations in CER vertebrae. On the other hand, the numbers of THO and LUM vertebrae and the TNV varied in all three populations. Of the traits investigated in the three populations, only the means${\pm}$SE of the LUM vertebrae did not show statistical significance (p>0.05). The carcass weights (CW), meat color (MC), marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BFT), carcass length (CLE), THO vertebrae, and TNV all showed statistical significance (p<0.05). The JBP had 14-16 THO vertebrae, 5-6 LUM vertebrae, and 27-29 TNV. The Landrace pigs had 15-16 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 28-29 TNV. The $F_2$ population had 14-17 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 27-30 TNV. In the F2 population, increased numbers of THO vertebrae and TNV were associated with a significant increase in the CW, CLE, and BFT (p<0.05). In particular, the increase in the TNV was caused by an increase in the number of THO rather than LUM vertebrae. Although the animals with a greater number of THO and TNV had thicker backfat, they had a longer CLE and a heavier CW. Both these traits are economically more important than the level of backfat when determining the productivity level. These results suggest that genetic selection to increase the number of vertebrae, especially in Landrace pigs, JBPs, and their related populations, may be an excellent strategy for improving productivity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.677-683
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• 2003

In multi-allelic model $X\;=\;(x_1,\;x_2,\;\cdots\;,\;x_d),\;M_f(t)\;=\;f(p(t))\;-\;{\int_0}^t\;Lf(p(t))ds$ is a P-martingale for diffusion operator L under the certain conditions. In this note, we examine the stochastic differential equation for model X and find the properties using stochastic differential equation.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.27 no.3_4
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• pp.757-762
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• 2009

In allelic model $X\;=\;(x_1,\;x_2,\;{\cdots},\;x_d)$, $$M_f(t)\;=\;f(p(t))\;-\;{\int}^t_0\;Lf(p(t))ds$$ is a P-martingale for diffusion operator L under the certain conditions. We can also obtain a new diffusion operator $L^*$ for diffusion coefficient and we prove that unique solution for $L^*$-martingale problem exists. In this note, we define new symmetric preserving transformation. Uniqueness for martingale problem and symmetric property will be proved.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

Genetic variation and population structure of the slender bitterling Acheilognathus lanceolatus of Korea (the Han, Geum, Dongjin, Seomjin and Nakdong Rivers) and Japan (the Katsura River) were assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Five combinations of selective primers generated 345~374 DNA fragments, of which 55~131 were polymorphic. The Nakdong River population had the highest genetic diversity and the Han River population had the lowest genetic diversity. Dendrogram based on the distance matrix revealed that individuals from each population consistently clustered together and bifurcated into two distinct clades (or population groups) composed of the Han, Geum, Dongjin and Seomjin River populations and of the Nakdong and Katsura River populations, supported with high bootstrap values. The pairwise genetic differentiation ($F_{ST}$) estimates showed that the six populations were genetically well differentiated (P<0.01). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) after partitioning the six populations into two population groups revealed very strong biogeographic structuring between them with 25.49% of total variance (P<0.01). Taken together, the AFLP markers clearly divided six A. lanceolatus populations into two population groups.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.60-68
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• 1998

The effect of P. agarici and P. tolaasii causing the bacterial disease of mushrooms on the mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of F. velutipes was evaluated in laboratory. When the pathogenic bacteria was inoculated simultaneously with F. velutipes or 5 days after inoculation of F. velutipes, they significantly deterred both mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of F. velutipes in sawdust culture and showed strong inhibition under high population density. They appeared to be tender or milky in exhibiting symptom on F. velutipes by inoculating the concentration of $10^2{\sim}10^6$ of unit/g media, and their growth seemed to be stopped under $10^8\;cfu/g$ media. On $10^2\;cfu/g$ media of P. agarici and $10^4\;cfu/g$ media of P. tolaasii, there was no effect on the fruitbody yield of F. velutipes. P. tolaasii was more suppressive in the mycelial growth of F. velutipes than P. agarici, while on fruitbodies formation of F. velutipes, P. agarici showed slightly higher inhibition than that of P. tolaasii. When the bacteria was inoculated 10 days after inoculation of F. velutipes, both mycelial growth and fruit body formation were not affected nearly.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2014

Purpose. This study was to investigate the relationship between the palpebral fissure size and the exophthalmos in a population of Korean adult women subjects with normal eye status. Methods. From November 2012 to September 2013, The authors analyzed the morphological values in 73 Korean adults population. The test was performed using the Hertel exophthalmometer and verner califer. Analysis of subjects data were recorded using the spss version 20.0 a statistical program (IBM Co, Armonk, NY USA). Results. The average age of the 73 subjects (146 eyes) was (21.219+/-0.261)mm. the average value of palpebral fissure was (25.110+/-1.646)mm in width and (8.096+/-1.464)mm in height. The average value of exophthalmos was (15.002+/-1.922)mm. There was a significant relationship(P>0.05) in the average size between the width and height in palpebral fissure. Also, there was a significant relationship(P>0.05) in the average size between the palpebral fissure width and exophthalmos. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship(P>0.01) in the average size of palpebral fissure height and exophthalmos. Conclusions: In this study, these results suggested that the palpebral fissure and exophthalmos had a significant relationship in the average value of size in Korean adult women population.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.104-142
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• 1989

IndustrialiBation and urbanisation have been known to increase divorce rates through the enhancement of emotional function of flmily, the weakness of extendedfamilial network, the separation of public and private spheres, increase of educationallevel for women, increase of labor participation rate for women, and the pursuit ofegalitarian relationship for the couple. Divorce rates by sex, age, province andeducation in Korea for the period 1970 ~ 1995 were examined using the data ofmarriage and divorce registration and population census. Crude divorce rates, sex-age-specific divorce rates and sex-age-adjusted divorce rates were calculated for thetotal population and the married population respectively, and the characteristics ofvarious divorce indicators were discussed. During 1970~1995, divorce rates increasedthree times, and divorce rate in 1995 was 3.5 per 1,000 married persons. Divorcerate was highest for those under 25 years old, and it was increasing rapidly fDr allages, with the most rapid increase fDr the middle-aged. The relative divorce increaserate was highest fDr females than males. Divorce rates were highest for Seoul, Pusan,Inchon, Taejon, Kyonggi, and Jeju, and for aged 25 ~ 34 years of Chonbuk andKangwon. Divorce rate was highest fDr the male elementary-school graduates andlowest for the male college graduates, it was highest for the female high-schoolgraduates and lowest for the female uneducated.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2006

We performed comprehensive SNP validation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of the c-fos induced growth factor (Figf) gene in Korean population. Out of 32 SNPs, only 9 SNPs were polymorphic in Korean population. Validated SNPs formed a single extended haplotype block with strong LD through the entire length of the gene. Tagging SNP analysis picked only 2 SNPs to represent most of the genetic variation information of the Figf gene. Our results demonstrate the utility of LD block and tagging SNP analysis for an efficient way of performing a candidate gene based association study.