• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.220-227
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• 2019

Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae), a perennial plant, has been used as a low-calorie sweetener and is being developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial diseases, and microbial infections. Despite the common use of its leaves and stem, the bioavailability of the components present in S. rebaudiana flowers, when used as ingredients of cosmetics, has not been well investigated. Herein, we investigated the antioxidative and antimelanogenic effects of an aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana flowers (Stevia-F). Total flavonoid and phenolic content in Stevia-F were determined to be $8.64{\pm}0.23mg$ of quercetin equivalents/100 g and $631.5{\pm}2.01mg$ of gallic acid equivalents/100 g, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Stevia-F for reducing power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging activities were 5541.96, 131.39, 466.34, and $10.44{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Stevia-F showed inhibitory effects on the tyrosinase ($IC_{50}=134.74{\mu}g/mL$) and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase ($IC_{50}=114.81{\mu}g/mL$) activities. No significant cytotoxicity of Stevia-F was observed in B16F10 cells, treated with up to $100{\mu}g/mL$ of the extract for 24 and 48 h (p > 0.05). Stevia-F ($1-100{\mu}g/mL$) suppressed ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced melanin production in B16F10 cells (p < 0.05) and also inhibited the cellular tyrosinase activity (p < 0.05). Overall, our results show that Stevia-F possesses potential for inhibiting tyrosinase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities and has significant antioxidant capacity. The antimelanogenic potential of Stevia-F should extend the usage of S. rebaudiana flowers in the development of skin-whitening products.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.604-610
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• 2003

The effects of sintering additives such as B $i_2$ $O_3$ and $V_2$ $O_{5}$ on the microwave dielectric and sintering properties of (Z $n_1$$_{-xM}$ $g_{x}$)Ti $O_3$ system were investigated. Highly dense samples were obtained for (Z $n_{0.8}$M $g_{0.2}$)Ti $O_3$ at the sintering temperature range of 870~90$0^{\circ}C$ with B $i_2$ $O_3$ and $V_2$ $O_{5}$ additions of 〈1 wt.%, respectively. The microwave dielectric properties of (Z $n_{0.8}$M $g_{0.2}$)Ti $O_3$ with 0.45 wt.%B $i_2$ $O_3$ and 0.55 wt.% $V_2$ $O_{5}$ sintered at 90$0^{\circ}C$ were as follows : Q$\times$ $f_{o}$ = 50,800 GHz, $\varepsilon$$_{r}$ = 22, and $\tau$$_{f}$ = -53 ppm/$^{\circ}C$. In order to improve temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, Ti $O_2$ was added to the above system. The optimum amount of Ti $O_2$ was 15 moi.% when sintered at 87$0^{\circ}C$, at which we could obtain following results: Q$\times$ $f_{o}$ = 32,800 GHz, $\varepsilon$$_{r}$ = 26, and$\tau$$_{f}$ = 0 ppm/$^{\circ}C$.EX>.EX>.EX>.EX>.EX>.EX>.EX>.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.812-817
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• 1992

Fluorometholone $(C_{22}H_{29}FO_4)$, M.W. = 376.5, monoclinic, $P2_1$, a = 6.410(4), b = 13.431(3), c = 10.996(3)$\AA$, $\beta$ = 92.81$(3)^{\circ}$, Z = 2, F(000) = 404, T = 292K, $\lambda$(Mo-$K_\alpha$) = 0.7107$\AA$, $\mu$ = 0.57$cm^{-1}$, $D_c$ = 1.32 $g/cm^3$, $D_m$ = 1.31 $g/cm^3$ and final R = 0.032 for 1769 observed reflections. All bond lengths and angles are within normal limits. Ring A is almost planar, B ring has a highly symmetrical chair conformation and C ring is in a distorted chair conformation. Ring D is in a intermediate conformation between 13$\alpha$-14$\beta$-half-chair and 13$\alpha$-envelope. Torsion angle C(16)-C(17)-C(20)-O(20) of $-7.9^{\circ}$ is a lower value than those of $-31.9^{\circ}$ and $-16.5^{\circ}$ for 9-fluoro-6-methylprednisolone I and II respectively.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.427-435
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on headaches in children. Method: A quasi experimental pre-test and post (1,2,3)-test design was used. Data were collected from March 2 to April 16 2001. Forty children were assigned to an experimental (20) or control group (20). The experimental group received Hand-Acupuncture therapy on the meridian point; A30, A31, A32, A33, E8, I2, M2, M3, M5, B25, B26, B27 for each 3 minutes, while the control group rested on a bed. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with $x^2$-test, t-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Result: In the experimental group, descriptive headache intensity (f=64.33, p=0.00), numeric headache intensity (F=74.69, 122.50, 7.52. p=0.00), and medication requirements ($x^2$=19.00, p=0.00) were significantly lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of headaches. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy can be considered an independent nursing intervention for reducing headaches in children.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify the whitening effect of Androsace umbellata extract. To discover the anti-pigmentation effective, we investigated Androsace umbellata extract on tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition. As results, it reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin contents in B16F1 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner with decreased to about 32% at a concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$. To reveal how it works in inner-cellular level, we performed Western blot method. We found out that it also inhibited the protein expression in tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1), and microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanocytes. Therefore, we successfully identified the whitening effect of Androsace umbellata extract, and this finding suggested that Androsace umbellata extract is a considerable potent cosmetics ingredient for whitening. Based on this, we anticipated further researches about Androsace umbellata extract for gene levels and additional mechanisms to develop not only for functional cosmetics but for medicines or healthcare food.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1983.05a
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• pp.9.2-9
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• 1983

We have observed 74 cases of radiolucent foreign bodies in food and air passage in E. N. T. department of Hang Gang Sacred Hospital, from Jan. 1972 to Mar. 1983. The following results were obtained. 1) Distribution of location was 56 cases(75.6 %) in food passage and 18 cases (24.4 %) in air passage. 2) In age distribution, 46 cases (82.1 %) of F. B. in food passage were found in patient over 21 years old and 12 cases (66.7 %) of F. B. in air passage were found in patient under 5 years old. 3) Female seems to be more frequently involved than male in cases of F. B. of food passage and in cases of air passage, male is more frequent. Food passage male: female - - - 25 : 31 Air passage male: female - - - 10 : 8 4) Meats was the most frequent foreign body in food passage (19 cases-33.9%), and the bony pieces was next (17 cases-30.4 %). Plastic material was the most frequent foreign body in air passage (9 cases-49.9 %), and the vegetable seed was the second (4cases-22.0 %). 5) In the location of F. B. in food passage, the first narrowing of the esophagus was the most frequent site and in air passage, the bronchus-especially right bronchus-was the most frequent site. 6) In the duration of lodgement, 44 cases(78.6 %) of F.B. in food passage were visited with - in 24 hours, and 11 cases (61 %) of F. B. in air passage were visited with - in 24 hours. 7) Simple chest PA was checked in all patient and then, esophagogram was checked in 34 cases of F.B. in food passage, among them positive finding was noticed in 23 cases. 8) Removal of F. B. in food passage by esophagoscopy was performed in 54 cases (96.4 %), but in the cases of air passage, removal of F. B. by bronchoscopy was performed in 14 cases (77.8 %). 9) Complications of food passage by the F. B. itself or esophagoscopy were esophageal mucosal laceration (1 cases-1.8 %) and esophageal perforation (1 case -1. 8 %) and complication of air passage by F. B. itself or bronchoscopy were atelectasis (2 cases -11.1 %) and pneumonia (3 cases-16.7 %).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 1988

Ammonium p-methylbenzenesulfonate, $C_7H_11NO_3S$, Mr = 189.23, orthorhombic, space group $Pna2-1$, a = 20.406(4), b = 6.271(1), c = 7.067(2)${\AA}$, V = 904.19 ${\AA}^3$, Z = 4, $D_x$ = 1.39, $D_m =1.38g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$, ${\lambda}(M_o K_{\alpha})$ = 0. 71069 ${\AA}$, ${\mu}=3.1 cm^{-1}$, T = 298K, F(000) = 400, final R = 0.057 for 994 unique observed reflections with I > $16{\sigma}(I)$. The methylbenzene portion including the sulfur atom is nearly planar. Between the $SO_3$ groups and the ammonium ion, there are three unique hydrogen bonds; two of which make the anions linked along the c-axis and the remaining one along the b-axis. These hydrogen bonds make two-dimensionally hydrogen-bonded molecular layers. Among these hydrophilic layers, the methylbenzene moieties cluster together to form hydrophobic layers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.829-844
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• 2023

In this paper, we present a new construction for self-dual codes that uses the concept of double bordered construction, group rings, and reverse circulant matrices. Using groups of orders 2, 3, 4, and 5, and by applying the construction over the binary field and the ring F₂ + uF₂, we obtain extremal binary self-dual codes of various lengths: 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, and 48. In particular, we show the significance of this new construction by constructing the unique Extended Binary Golay Code [24, 12, 8] and the unique Extended Quadratic Residue [48, 24, 12] Type II linear block code. Moreover, we strengthen the existing relationship between units and non-units with the self-dual codes presented in [10] by limiting the conditions given in the corollary. Additionally, we establish a relationship between idempotent and self-dual codes, which is done for the first time in the literature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.635-639
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• 1995

Digestibility trial was performed with carps weighing 200 g/fish. Fecal collection was made over 7 days using a settling column. The water temperature was in the range of 27 to $30{^{\circ}C}$ during whole experimental period. Fishes were fed 5 diets (Control, $F_{24}S_{13}$, $F_{16}S_{27}$, $F_8S_{40}$ and $F_0S_{56}$) containing both 32%, 24%, 16%, 8% and 0% of fish meal (F) and 0%, 13%, 27%, 40% and 56% of roasted full-fat soybean (S), respectively. Water volume in each recirculated rearing tank was maintained at 130 l with flow rate of 10-12 l/min. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, total carbohydrates and energy in diets showed a reduction (p < 0.05) with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, although there was no difference in the ADCs between Control and $F_{24}S_{13}$ (p > 0.05). The ADCs of ash, Ca and P in diets significantly increased with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, suggesting the high availability of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 1983

Sixty paddy soil samples were collected from the different Korean agricultural climatic area to find relationship between soil physicochemical properties and soil microorganisms. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The mean numbers of microorganisms in collected paddy soils were $121.8{\times}10^5$ in bacteria (B), $22.5{\times}10^5$ in actinomycetes (A) and $32.4{\times}10^3$ in fungi (F) per gr soil. The ratios of B/F, B/A, and A/F were 385, 5.1 and 82, respectively. 2. Number of soil microorganism was lowest in Mountainous area, lower in Eastern Coast, Gyeonggi Bay and Chungcheong Continental area, but higher in Honam Plain and Southern Part. 3. The significant positive correlation were obtained between the number of microorganisms and soil chemical properties, available phosphorous, $K^+$, $Mg^{++}$, T-C and soil pH. 4. The number of soil microorganism was in the order of Clay loamy soil > Clayey soil > Loamy soil > Sandy loamy soil.