• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2017

This study was carried out to extract ginsenosides in by-products from honeyed red ginseng. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Based on D-optimal design, independent variables were ethanol (extraction solvent) concentration (30-90%, v/v), extraction temperature ($25-70^{\circ}C$), and extraction time (5-11 h). Extraction yield (Y1) and total ginsenosides (Y2) in the extract were analyzed as dependent variables. Results found that extraction yield increased with increasing extraction temperature and time, whereas it was decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. Similar trends were found for the content of ginsenosides in the extracts, except for ethanol concentration, which was increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Regression equations derived from RSM were suggested to coincide well with the results from the experiments. The optimal extraction conditions for extraction yield and total ginsenosides were an extraction temperature of $56.94^{\circ}C$, ethanol concentration of 57.90%, and extraction time of 11 h. Under these conditions, extraction yield and total ginsenoside contents were predicted to be 84.52% and 9.54 mg/g, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2015

Hesperidin, which is the most abundant flavonoid of Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae), has been reported to possess diverse activities and widely used as functional foods and cosmetics. For the development of functional products, extraction procedure is indispensable. Extraction conditions affect the composition of extract as well as its biological activity. Therefore, we tried to optimize extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, extraction time and extraction temperature for maximum yield of hesperidin using response surface methodology with threelevel-three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data and the optimal condition was obtained as ethanol concentration, 59.0%; temperature $71.5^{\circ}C$ and extraction time, 12.4 h. The hesperidin yield under the optimal condition was found to be $287.8{\mu}g$ per 5 mg extract, which was well matched with the predicted value of 290.5 μg. These results provides optimized extraction condition for hesperidin and might be useful for the development of hesperidin as functional products like health supplements, cosmetics and medicinal products.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

This study compared Bojungikgi-tang (BIT) and Yukmijihwang-tang (YJT) decoctions produced using the extractors made of various materials, such as glass, earthenware, and stainless steel, for 60, 90, and 120 min. The extraction yield was measured and the amounts of marker compounds in decoctions were determined by quantitative analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. The extraction yields of BIT decoctions produced by three extractors were not significantly different, whereas the extraction yield of YJT produced using glass extractor was significantly higher than that of YJT produced using earthenware extractor after 90 min. The amounts of most marker compounds were highest in BIT decoctions produced using glass extractor. However, variations of the amounts of marker compounds were observed in YJT decoctions and the volatile compound was not easily vaporized in YJT decoction produced using earthenware extractor. This study suggests that the extractor made of various materials may affect the extraction efficiency and the contents of marker compounds, especially in the decoction produced using earthenware extractor, although the results were dependent on the characteristics of herbal formula.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1974

Gracilaria verrucosa and Gelidium amansii collected from Wando, Yeosoo and Namhae districts Gracilaria sp. imported from Manila, and Ecklonia cava from Cheju island were investigated to raise the extraction yield of agar or alginic acid. The results are summarized as follows. In agar extraction from domestic seaweeds, Gelidium sp. showed 8-10% yield increase by gamma-irradiation whereas Gracilaria sp. exhibited no effect. In Manila seaweed, gamma-irradiation (1.5 Mrad) caused 25-30% increase in agar extraction and the properties of agar sample by these methods were acceptable. In alginic acid extraction from Ecklonia sp., gamma-irradiation (0.3 Mrad) showed 6% yield increase.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2021

Sargassum serratifolium is a rich source of antioxidant meroterpenoids. The optimal extraction temperature and time for obtaining maximal antioxidant yield, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content from Sargassum serratifolium were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The ranges of the independent variables for extraction temperature and time were 30-70℃ and 12-36 h, respectively. With increasing temperature and time, the yield increased significantly, while DPPH (2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity and total phenolic content decreased significantly. The optimal extraction temperature and time obtained by RSM were 54℃ and 7 h, respectively, providing a yield of 8.2%, DPPH radical-scavenging activity of 60%, and total phenolic content of 163 mg GAE/g. The findings of this study provide useful information for the development of Sargassum serratifolium extraction processes for the food and cosmetic industries.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.256-260
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• 2015

This study investigated the optimum pH condition for the efficient extraction of protein from Gastrodia elata Blume. Five extraction pH values (8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and three precipitation pH values (2, 4, and 6) were used. The protein content, browning degree, and recovery yield of the protein obtained under each pH condition were determined. Most of the G. elata Blume was made up of carbohydrates, and its protein content was also high. The amount of the extracted protein increased according to the increase in the extraction pH, but did not significantly differ between pH 8 and pH 9. The browning degree of the protein significantly increased as the extraction pH increased. The greatest amount of protein was precipitated at pH 4, the recovery yield of which was also the highest. As a result, it was found that the combination of extraction pH 9 and precipitation pH 4, which resulted in a 38.7% recovery yield and a low browning degree, is the optimum condition for the efficient extraction of protein from G. elata Blume.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.543-547
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• 2001

The hot water extraction(HWE) has many problems such as a low extract yield and a reduced flagrance by excessive heating during concentration process notwithstanding it has been the general method to get the extract from the traditional chinese medicines Astragalas manbranaceus Bunge and Angelica gigas Nakai. For that reason, adopted the alcohol extraction In this research and got the good results of the 65% and 75% extract yield of Astragalas manbranaceus Bunge and Angelica gigas Nakai respectively, 15% and 36% increased compare with 50% and 39% (w/w) of HWE. The differences of extraction process between the HWE and alcohol extraction is substituting alcohol for water of extraction were concentrated at the relatively low temperature 90$\^{C}$ compare with the thermal extraction temperature 104$\^{C}$ . This alcohol extract, has the outstanding effect collecting the original fragrance at the low temperature. Applying this extract to starch syrup and beverage, expected that those contain a sufficient flavor as well as fragrance without artificial spices.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 2018

In this study, the antioxidant was extracted from Broussonetia kazinokii using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and optimized by using a response surface methodology. The response value of the central composite design model establishes the extraction yield and the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extraction time and temperature and volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water were selected as quantitative factors. When considering both the main and interaction effects, the factor having the greatest influence on the extraction yield and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water. The results of optimal extraction conditions were the extraction time (19.92 min), volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water (54.23%), and ultrasonic irradiation power (557.65 W). We could also obtained expected results of the yield = 38.93 wt% and DPPH radical scavenging activity = 55.33% under these conditions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.857-867
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• 2023

In this study, the extraction yield, acidic polysaccharides and ginsenosides of red and black ginseng were optimized by using the response surface methodology in consideration of the ethanol concentration and temperature of the extraction. The R² of the model formula for the yield, acidic polysaccharides and ginsenosides was 0.8378-0.9679 (p<0.1). An optimal extraction yield of 5.29% was reached for red ginseng soluble solids when 1.52% ethanol concentration was used at a temperature of 67.27℃. Additionally, the optimal extraction yield for black ginseng soluble solid was 6.11% when 3.12% ethanol concentration was used at a temperature of 66.13℃. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for extracting acidic polysaccharides from red ginseng were using an ethanol concentration of 4.03% at a temperature of 69.61℃; a yield of 1.86 mg/mL was obtained. The optimal extraction yield for acidic polysaccharides from black ginseng was 1.80 mg/mL when extracted using a concentration of 24.67% of ethanol at a temperature of 71.14℃. An optimal extraction yield of 0.22 mg/mL was reached for ginsenoside Rg₁ from red ginseng when 79.92% ethanol concentration was used at a temperature of 70.62℃. The optimal extraction yield of ginsenoside Rg₃ from black ginseng was 0.31 mg/mL when ethanol was used at a concentration of 75.70% at a temperature of 65.49℃. The ideal extraction conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of both acidic polysaccharide and ginsenoside from red and black ginseng were using ethanol at a concentration between 35 and 50% at an extraction temperature of 70℃.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2004

We have calculated the power extraction efficiency and the lasing wavelength distribution of complex-coupled(CC) DFB lasers above threshold for various｜$\chi$L｜ and facet reflectivity combinations, and we have compared the results with those at threshold. Also, we have investigated the effect of coupling coefficient ratio(CR) and the reflectivity of AR facet on the power extraction efficiency and the lasing wavelength distribution. At threshold, the single mode yield as a function of power extraction efficiency of in-phase(IP) CC DFB lasers is the same as that of anti-phase(AP) CC DFB lasers. Above threshold, however, the single mode yield as a function of power extraction efficiency of IP CC DFB lasers is much larger than that of AP CC DFB lasers. For IP CC DFB lasers, AR-HR combination has high single mode yield and large power extraction efficiency compared to other facet combinations. IP CC DFB laser with AR-HR combination for ｜$\chi$L｜of 0.8 has the highest single mode yield and largest power extraction efficiency above threshold among the cases considered. For AR-HR combination, as CR increases and the reflectivity of AR facet decreases, both single mode yield and power extraction efficiency increase due to the reduction of the spatial hole burning effect. For AR-HR combination, the lasing wavelength of CC DFB laser has distributed over the stopband of DFB. As CR increases, the lasing wavelength concentrates on the long wavelength side for IP CC DFB laser, while on the short wavelength side for AP CC DFB laser. As ｜$\chi$L｜ increases, the width of the wavelength distribution decreases and the lasing wavelength moves to the long wavelength side.