• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2004

Many muscles of the trunk and hip are capable of contributing to the stabilization and protection of the lumbar spine. To have optimal effectiveness, a training program should include dynamic back/stomach/hip exercises. This study was designed to assess the L5 level paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, and gluteus maximus muscle activities during various low back stabilization exercises. Participants were 26 healthy adults (13 males, 13 Females), aged 21 to 28 years. The surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the L5 level paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, and gluteus maximus muscles. The recorded signal was averaged and normalized to the maximal electromyographic amplitude obtained during the maximal voluntary contraction. The measurements were taken during 3 low back stabilization exercises. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the difference, and a post hoc test was performed with least significant difference. A level of significance was set at p<.05. The significance of difference between men and women, and between the electromyographic recording sites was evaluated by an independent t-test. The EMG activity for the externus oblique and gluteus maximus muscles had significant differences among 3 exercises (p<.05). In males, the EMG activity for the external abdominal oblique muscle had significantly increased differences during exercises 1 and exercise 2 (p<.05). The gluteus maximus muscle had significantly increased differences during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). In females, the multifidus muscle had significantly increased difference during exercise 3 (p<.05), the external abdominal oblique muscle had significantly increased difference during exercise 1 (p<.05). and the gluteus maximus muscle had significantly decreased difference during exercise 3 (p<.05). The results were that the external abdominal oblique muscle was apparently activated during the curl-up exercise in females and males, and the multifidus muscle was apparently activated during the bridging exercise in females and during the sling exercise in males and females.1)In comparison of the %MVC between males and females, exercise 2 and exercise 3 apparently activated of the multifidus and gluteus maximus muscles in both males and females (p<.05). The EMG activity of the gluteus maximus muscle of the males significantly increased during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). The EMG activity the multifidus muscle of the females was significantly increased during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). More research is needed to understand the nature of motor control problems in the deep muscles in patients with low back pain.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.47-68
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• 2013

Objectives : This research aimed to develop a new etiologic classification for traditional Korean Medicine in order to respond to the social and environmental change. Methods : We reviewed the existing theories on etiological classification for East Asian Medicine thoroughly and discussed the problems and limitations. Based on the experts' consensus, we abstracted disease factors and etiologic items. Results : The disease factors are classified into three parts: the human body, the environment, and the interaction between the human body and the environment. We defined them as the inner factor, the external factor, and the interaction between the inner and the external factors. The inner factor is free from the influence of the environment, and it causes diseases solely from the components of the human body. It is divided into genetic factors. The external factor is defined as a case when a disease occurs due to a factor outside the human body and includes external injuries, environmental pollution, and natural disasters. The interaction between the inner and the external factors is a disease factor that causes diseases by the interaction of the human body and the environment and includes emotions, habits, and social environment. As a result of the analysis, it was possible to see the meanings at a single glance as the scattered and fractional meanings were integrated with focus on medicinal herbs, but the increasing number of analyzed medicinal herbs tended to more and more complicate their relationships, thus, requiring additional work like filtering. Conclusions : The new etiologic classification of Korean Medicine fully reflects the perspectives on life in Korean Medicine while embracing the changes in modem society. Also, by avoiding the usage of ambivalent terms and wrong classification methods, the new classification system constructs intuitive and concise etiology and improves usability in clinical medicine.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1991

하악골의 발육이상과 더불어 상악골의 수평적 및 수직적 발육이상이 동반되어 있는 대부분의 악안면 기형 환자에서 상하악골을 동시에 재위치시키는 "상하악골 동시 이동 수술"은 현재 악교정 수술에서 보편화되어 있는 술식으므로, 이 경우 수술중에 일차로 상악골의 정확한 위치를 얻는 것이 매우 중요하다. Le Fort I 수평골절단술을 이용한 상악골의 재위치시 위치 이동의 정확성을 기하기 위하여 고전적으로 사용되어온 계측방법인 내부계측법(Intrnal measuring technique)은 최근에 이르러 계측상의 삼차원적 오차에 따른 정확도에 많은 의문이 제기되어 왔으며, 따라서 이를 보완하기 위하여 1985년 Johnson 이 처음으로 외부계측법(External measuring technique)을 소개한 이후로, Van Sickels 등의 여러 학자들에 의하여 그 사용의 유용성 및 정확성이 입증되어 왔다. 이에 저자등은 최근 2년간 본 교실에서 경험상 상${\cdot}$하악골동시이동 악교정수술환자중, 외부계측법에만 의존하여 상악골 이동량을 술중 계측했던 17명의 환자에서 수술전 이동계측량과 수술후 이동된 결과를 Lateral cephalometics상에서 전치부와 구치부의 수직 및 수평적 이동 오차 관계로, P-A cephalogram 상에서 수평적 이동 및 상악치열의 중심선 변위에 대한 이동 오차 관계로 분석하여 외부계측법에 의한 수술적 이동의 정확도를 평가하므로써 향후 이 방법의 사용에 대한 신뢰성을 보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 연구 결과로써, 상악골의 수직 및 수평적 이동시 외부계측법 만을 이용한 경우, 수술전 이동량에 비해 비교적 신뢰성 있게 상악골을 원하는 위치로 이동시킬 수 있는 것으로 사료되나, 대체적으로 전하방 및 우측으로 위치되기 쉬운 경향을 보여주었으며, 정면상의 수평기울기(transverse plane)에 대한 편차는 수술자에 의해 크게 영향을 받지 않았으나 상악치열의 중심위는 수술자에 의해 영향을 받은것 같다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

An apartment complex is a building use with great potential to contribute to solving problems related to urban ecological environment and climate change. The first goal of this study is to grasp the current situation of application and limitations of the ecological area rate, which is a representative evaluation index used to evaluate the environmental performance of the external space of an apartment complex in Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED). The second goal is to propose a prototype of the evaluation index for evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction performance in order to supplement the evaluation index for the environmental performance of the external space in terms of response to climate change. We analyzed 43 cases of apartment complexes certified according to G-SEED, which was enforced since July 1, 2010, and found application characteristics of each space type and the limitations of ecological area rate. We analyzed overseas green building certification systems such as LEED and BREEAM that derived implications for supplementing the limitations of ecological area rate, which is focused on the evaluation of soil and water circulation function, and set up a development direction of complementary measures. Through analysis of previous studies, relevant regulations and standards, and technical documents of the manufacturer, the heat island mitigation performance of the pavement and roof surfaces of the apartment complex and the carbon uptake performance of the trees in the apartment complex was selected as parameters to yield the GHG reduction performance of the external space of the apartment complex. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method for each parameter and a prototype of the evaluation index for the GHG reduction performance were proposed. As a result of applying the prototype to an apartment complex case, the possibility of adoption and applicability as an evaluation index of G-SEED were proved.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권6A호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2009

고속도로 교량의 안전성은 주요 구조부재의 정밀육안검사, 비파괴 현장시험 및 재료시험 등의 결과를 바탕으로 외관 상태등급을 검토하고, 현장재하시험 결과에 의해 공용 내하력을 산정함으로써 평가되고 있다. 그러나 교량의 공용 내하력이 설계기준에 비하여 상당히 낮은 상태임에도 불구하고, 실제 외관 상태등급은 비교적 양호한 교량이 상당수 있는 것으로 검토되고 있다. 또한 비슷한 준공시기 및 구조형식을 갖는 교량이라도 여러 가지 조건에 따라 공용 내하력은 큰 차이를 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고속도로 교량의 현황, 외관 상태등급 및 유지관리 위한 안전진단 및 보수 보강방안 등을 고찰한 후, 기존 고속도로 교량의 안전성 평가에 관한 다양한 문제점을 제시하였다. 400여 개소의 고속도로 교량 실측자료를 기초로 교량형식, 공용기간, 설계활하중, 외관 상태등급 및 교통량을 변수로 하여 공용 내하력을 정량적으로 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 합리적인 고속도로 교량 안전성 평가를 위한 기초자료를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2015

Although the government has revised the child welfare act, institutionalized the establishment of local children's centers, and given financial support for them, there are a number of problems with respect to their operation. Specifically, one of main problems is their limited space. Diverse problems that go with the arrangement of limited space and usability have occurred, however there are only a few strategies to use limited space flexibly. This study assumed variability as one of the methods to solve spatial problems. As a basic research for the assumption, Analyzing the variable method and characteristics of domestic and foreign child-care facility guidelines was performed trying to take advantage of as a basic data in order to seek a variable scheme of local children centers' indoor space. For this purpose, study analysed the methods and characteristics of variability centering on aspects related to variability which are environmental design elements required by local children's centers as suggested in previous studies. The results are as follows. First, the variability of space should be planned according to activity and time, and consider the methods of division, storage, and other facilities necessary. Second, methods of variability in space can be classified into creating areas and structures that are variable. Third, as a result of analysing the environmental design elements required by local children's centers, this study discovered the following characteristics: multi-purpose usability through a combination of variable devices, transition through a variable space medium and setting up areas and expansion of indoor variability assuming usability through internal and external connections.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.87-107
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• 2011

There are two methods to resolve conflicts related to constructions which are through lawsuits and ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) just like any other conflicts. Along with the special characteristics pertaining to the conflicts related to constructions, the advantages that ADR is in possession of such as its cost, duration and professionalism, resolving conflicts through ADR has been considered to be more logical than any other options recently. In Korea's case at present, the resolution of conflicts regarding constructions through ADR is mostly dependent on administrative mediation or through arbitration. However, in the case of the administrative mediation, its usage rate is very low due to problems caused by problems in its running and effectiveness. In the case of arbitration, the services of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board is comparatively used more but because of the fact that arbitration relies on a single trial system and the fact that its executive powers while having the same effectiveness as the final ruling does not get acknowledged leads to the phenomena of avoiding its usage. In addition, in relation to the selective arbitration clause, the problem of effectiveness of the arbitrative agreement is becoming a hindrance to the activation and promotion of the arbitration process. Furthermore, in the case where the ordering body is the government, the public servant involved in the case avoiding the arbitration process because of concerns of being penalized by the internal and external audit within the institution is becoming a problem as well. These problems are not only limited to conflicts regarding constructions and there needs to be actions taken to promote the activation of ADR by enacting a basic law. The more important issue at hand however is offering a resolution measure that would be the most appropriate for users and this could probably be done only through actions such as implementing the American partnering system or the dispute adjudication board system so that they can supervise the resolution of conflicts through mediation, arbitration, and assistance as well as offering consultations regarding conflicts related to constructions.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.743-756
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• 2009

본 연구는 대리인 이론의 관점에서 뉴욕 뉴저지 항만공사의 거버넌스 제도가 어떻게 공기업의 대리인 문제를 극복하고 있는지를 분석하고, 우리 나라의 항만공사 거버넌스 제도 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있는 시사점을 발견하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 뉴욕 뉴저지 항만공사는 인사권의 분산, 회의 공개 정책, 정보 공개 정책, 공청회, 재정적 독립 채산제 등과 같은 거버넌스의 특성을 지니고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그런 거버넌스적 특성들이 주인의 대리인에 대한 감시 감독 강화, 주인-대리인 사이의 정보 비대칭성 완화, 조직 소유관계의 명확화 등을 통해, 역선택, 도덕적 해이, 복합적 외부 구조 등의 공기업 대리인 문제들을 효과적으로 극복하는 데 도움을 주고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 특성들은 우리 나라 항만공사의 거버넌스 제도를 설계하는 데에 시사하는 바가 많다고 생각된다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.724-737
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• 2011

토지 획득 문제(land acquisition problems)란 일련의 목적에 맞게 서로 인접하고 있는 최적의 토지 필지들을 찾는 것이다. 이 문제는 도시 및 지역 계획과 각종 구획 문제 등에서 사회적 활용도가 높은 분야로서, 공간적 요소인 인접성(contiguity)와 밀집도(compactness)는 중요한 제약요소로 다루어지고 있다. 그렇지만, 공간적 밀집도(spatial compactness)는 완벽한 측정방법이 존재하지 않고, 획득된 필지들의 둘레를 제거나, 모양을 측정하는 등의 여러 가지 방법으로 측정되고 있다. 그리하여 이 논문에서는 공간적 밀집도를 측정하는 새로운 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 인접한 토지 필지간의 내부적인 구조적 특징을 바탕으로 proximity degree라고 불리는 공간적 밀집도를 측정하는 최적화 연구모델(optimization model)을 발전시켰다. 일련의 실험을 통해 proximity degree에 따라 다양한 공간적 밀집도를 가진 모습을 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.273-285
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• 2022

Objectives: This study compared the nutritional intakes of early and late preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and at home. The dietary problems and the need for community care services for premature infants were further investigated. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study on 125 preterm infants and their parents (Early preterm n = 70, Late preterm n = 55). The data were collected by surveying the parents of preterm infants and from hospital medical records. Results: No significant differences were obtained between the early and late preterm infant groups when considering the proportion of feeding types in the NICU and at home. Early preterm infants were fed with a greater amount of additional calories at home and had more hours of tube feeding (P = 0.022). Most preterm infants had feeding problems. However, there was no significant difference between early and late preterm infants in the mental pain of parents, sleeping, feeding, and weaning problems at home. Many parents of preterm babies had no external support, and more than half the parents required community care to take care of their preterm babies. Conclusions: Regardless of the gestational age, most preterm infants have several problems with dietary intake. Our study indicates the need to establish community care services for preterm infants.