• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.157-160
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find a method using the application of rice bran and mixed expeller cake at machine transplanting rice paddy field. Different ratios of rice bran and mixed expeller cake were sprayed as substitute of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen 90kg $ha^{-1}$) before transplanting. Nitrogen content was highest in 30th day after transplantation, and in relation to treatments the order was the following: Rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$ > rice bran 2,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 948kg $ha^{-1}$ > rice bran 3,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 522kg $ha^{-1}$. Number of panicle and spikelets per $m^{-2}$ was higher in rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$ and rice bran 2,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 948kg $ha^{-1}$ than in rice bran 3,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 522kg $ha^{-1}$ and the yields was the highest in rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.475-487
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to solve the problem of yield loss causing the lag of fertilizer efficiency after tiller stage, being originated by applying mixed expeller cake fertilizer on three day before rice transplanting in organic rice farmers. The mineralization degree of $NH_4-N$ of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer was increased until 7 weeks at flooding condition, and so did $NO_3-N$ until 5 weeks at non-flooding condition. The mineralization rate of nitrogen in paddy soil on 20 days before rice transplanting was the highest by 0.85% on 20 days before the transplanting treatment. The properties of yields during the harvest period have no difference with application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer, except soil organic matter. The plan length, culm length and panicle length were the longest on 20 days before rice transplanting. Also, the number of tiller, ripening rat and 1,000 grain weight were the highest on 20 days before rice transplanting, and thereby the yield of white rice were increasing by 9% on 20 days before rice transplanting compared with that of 3 days before rice transplanting. The whiteness values of the rice and amylose content made no difference, but the value of protein and palatability were the same between 20 days and 30 days treatment. In the conclusion, the relationship between rice yield, its quality and application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer has showed that the suitable time of applying it reveals 21.3 days before rice transplanting.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop an alternative organic fertilizer to castor oil cake-based fertilizers. To assess the nutrient effect of the developed fermented mixed organic fertilizers, the yield of lettuce and soil characteristics after growth were analyzed and compared to those of a trial using a mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Two fermented mixed organic fertilizers, FA and FB, each containing 5.0% nitrogen, 2.6% phosphate, and 1.4% potassium, were produced by mixing different ratios of rice bran, dried distillers grains, sesame oil meal, and fish meal. This study was conducted with six trials: untreated, mixed expeller cake fertilizer, and the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB. Based on the amount of nitrogen fertilization (70 kg ha^-1) on the lettuce, the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB were applied at 100% and 150%, respectively, and the mixed oil cake was applied at 100%. As the amount of treatment increased, there was no significant difference except the number of leaves in FA treatment. The yields from the FA100 and FB100 treatments were 38.2 and 40.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment at 38.3 Mg ha^-1. In addition, the nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the lettuce were not significantly different between mixed expeller cake fertilizer and fermented mixed organic fertilizer treatments. Analysis of the chemical properties of the soil after the trial showed that he mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment showed the lowest pH. There were no significant differences in electrical conductivity, content of soil organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation among the fertilizer treatments. However, the bacterial and actinomyces density was higher in the soil from the fertilizer trials than in the non-fertilizer trials. These results indicated that the two tested fermented mixed organic fertilizers had nourishing effects and soil characteristics that were similar to those of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Thus, farmers can use these fermented mixed organic fertilizers as alternatives to castor oil cakes for the cultivation of organic lettuce.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to compare the productivity and feed value between standard cultivation and organic mixed expeller cake fertilizer cultivation to develop organic cultivation technology except from standard cultivation using chemical fertilizers in the field of forage production. This study was conducted in the rice field of Livestock Research Institute Jacheon-myeon, Gangin-gun Jellanam-do. Organic mixed expeller cake fertilizer consists of 4.0% nitrogen, 65% castor, 30% seeds and 5% fish meal. Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids(SX17) was sowed 40kg per hectare on May 25. Test group formation was consisted of a standard group and test treatment. The standard group(Con.) was fertilized chemical fertilizer according to the N-P-K kg/ha, 200-150-150 (basal 100kg, uptake 100kg). Test treatment was carried out organic fertilizer 100%(T1), organic fertilizer 150%(T2) and organic fertilizer 200%(T3) according to the nitrogen content of standard group(Con.). Plant height of harvest time depending on the treatment was that Con was 317cm, T1 was 252cm, T2 was 269cm and T3 was 293cm. Dry matter yield was that Con was 11,386kg/ha, T1 was 6,015kg/ha, T2 was 6,799kg/ha, T3 was 7,627kg/ha. In the test treatment, plant height and dry matter yield increased with increasing fertilizer. Crude protein was the height in Con(7.0%) and Crude protein of test treatment was T1(5.7%), T2(6.3%), and T3(5.1%). As a result of this study, T2 was recommended.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: In this study, 5 different treatments such as non-treatment, mixed expeller cake 1.0 N (standard nitrogen fertilizer), rice straw, rice straw+mixed expeller cake 0.5 N, rice straw+mixed expeller cake 1.0 N were performed over 4 cropping seasons over 2 years in order to identify the optimal application rate of mixture of rice straw and mixed expeller cake, organic source in organic cultivation of tomatoes. METHODS AND RESULTS: There was no difference in all treatments in case of 200 mg/kg in the nitrate nitrogen content in soil prior to the first cropping season test under the criteria for nitrogen nutrient based on yield of crops, cultivation without fertilizers seems possible. But in the second cropping season, no treatment and rice straw showed the reduction of yield and in the third cropping season, rice-straw+mixed expeller cake 0.5 N treatment showed the significant difference. The content of nitrate nitrogen in soil prior to cropping seasons was evaluated in 160 mg/kg and standard fertilization such as mixed expeller cake, source of nitrogen, are needed due to the deficiency of nitrogen. In terms of application of organic resources, rice straw showed the effects of improvements on physical properties of soil such as bulk density, cation exchange capacity and humus contents, but the mixed expeller cake did not show any significant differences in improvements on physical properties of soil. CONCLUSION(s): Fertilizer management in organic cultivation of tomatoes is thought to produce the reliable quantity of crops as well as keep the high quality of soils by using the optimal application rate of mixed expeller cake according to the contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil and rice straw which improves the physical properties of soil.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.279-290
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• 2022

This study was conducted to find out that winter green manure crops could be efficient replacements of expeller cake fertilizers, which were mostly imported, on environment-friendly red pepper production. Four treatments were compared under the condition of plastic film house: 1) barley (B); 2) hairy vetch (HV); 3) mixtures of barley and hairy vetch (B/HV); 4) expeller cake (EC). Total nitrogen content in hariy vetch was 3.6%, which was higher than 1.5~1.8% in barley and mixtures of barley and hairy vetch. P₂O₅ and K₂O contents were similar in all green manures. Supplying amount of nitrogen from B, HV and B/HV plot, which were 172 kg ha^-1, 193 kg ha^-1, and 198 kg ha^-1, were higher than amount of basal nitrogen required by soil testing but were lower than that of total nitrogen, respectively. Among the green manure crops, C/N ratio of HV was the lowest at 11.8, showing a similar value to that of expeller cake, but that of B was the highest at 30.6. Total yield was no significant difference in all treatment plots although B/HV plot showed the highest yield, but initial yield in B plot with high C/N ratio was lower than that in EC plot.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2012

Objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different organic matter on growth and yield in rice plants and suppression of weed occurrence in paddy soil. The treatments consisted of rice bran, expeller cake, or combination of rye green manure and rice bran without any agrochemical or fertilizer. At 50 days after transplanting (DAT), plant height of rice between conventional practice and expeller cake treatments were similar, while rice bran treatment was inhibited growth of rice during growing period. Also, heading date of rice among the all treatments was not significantly different. Rice yield in expeller cake or rye green manure and rice bran treatments was attained to 91% and 98% of the conventional practice, respectively, while the value in rice bran treatments was just 82%. On the other hand, at 40 DAT of rice plants, occurred major weed species in organic matter treatments were four species, while those in conventional practice were two species. Additionally, the dry weight of weeds in rice bran treatment was significantly inhibited compared to it of expeller cake or combination of rye green manure and rice bran treatments, while the value in rice bran treatment was higher than the conventional practice.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Mixed expeller cake has been one of soil management to improve crop productivity and soil fertility. But, there was a little information on optimum mixed expeller cake application for chinese cabbage. So, in this study, we were evaluated the preplant optimum application rate of mixed expeller cake(MEC) in chinese cabbage cultivation at field. Treatments consist of control, inorganic fertilizer($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ : $320-78-198kg\;ha^{-1}$), MEC(50, 100, 150% on preplant application standard $110kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N, topdressing : $210kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N). In results, growth characteristics was not significantly different. But, yield was increased when application rate was increased. And MEC 150% treatment showed similar yield as inorganic treatment. There was no significant difference in soil pH, OM, $Av.P_2O_5$, $NH_4-N$ and Ex.K. But, soil EC and $NO_3-N$ were increased when MEC level increased. As a results, MEC 150% can be proposed as preplant optimum application rate of MEC from this study. But abuse of MEC and long-term using caused about salt accumulation in soil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.416-420
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• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2019

Objective of this study was to develop an organic fertilizer utilizing domestic livestock horn meal and to investigate the application effect of rice and eggplant. The possibility of utilization of livestock horn meal as an organic resource to replace imported expeller cake fertilizer was examined. In order to select domestic organic resources with high nitrogen content, 8 kinds of organic matter such as chicken manure, fish meal, soybean meal, sesame meal, perilla meal, blood meal, livestock horn meal, and beer sludge were analyzed and organic resources with high nitrogen content were selected. In addition, the conditions for the production of organic fertilizers that can be used in organic agriculture were established by mixing of the rice husk biochar and the rice bran as the supplements with the raw materials for mixing ratios. The content of total nitrogen (T-N) in the livestock horn meal was 12.0 %, which was the next low in 13.5 % blood meal. The content of total nitrogen was 5.9 ~ 7.9 % in fish meal and oil cakes. Total nitrogen content of non-antibiotic chicken manure for organic farming was 3 % and nitrogen content in beer sludge was 3.5 %. Organic fertilizer was produced by using biochar, rice bran as a main ingredient of non-antibiotic chicken manure, livestock horn meal and beer sludge. Compared to nitrogen content (4.0 to 4.2 %) of imported expeller cake fertilizer (ECF), the nitrogen content of organic fertilizer utilizing domestic livestock horn meal is as high as 7.5 %. The developed organic fertilizer is met as Zn 400 mg/kg, Cu 120 mg/kg the quality of organic agricultural materials such as or less. To investigate the effect of fertilizer application on the crops, prototypes of developed organic fertilizer were used for the experiment under selected conditions. As a result of application the developed organic livestock horn meal fertilizer (LHMF) for cultivation of the rice and eggplant, the application quantity of the developed organic LHMF 100 % was decreased by 40 % compared to that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer (MECF). The application of LHMF, which refers to the application rate corresponding to the nitrogen fertilization recommended by the soil test, was reduced by 40% compared to the application rate of MECF, but the same results were obtained in crop growth and yield. The selection of a new high concentration nitrogen source utilizing domestic organic resources and the development of organic fertilizer is the starting point of the research for substitution of imported ECF using domestic local resources at the present time that the spread of eco-friendly agriculture is becoming increasingly important. If it is expanded in the future, it is expected to contribute to the stable production of eco-friendly agricultural products.