• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the deficits in executive function in children with ADHD and anxiety disorder, and further, to characterize executive function deficits among the two groups. Methods : Subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 5 and 14 (16 Normal, 24 ADHD, 20 Anxiety Disorder). Neuropsychological tests (KEDI-WISC, CCTT, STROOP, WCST, ROCF) for assessing cognitive and executive function were individually administered to all subjects. Results : There were no significant differences in FSIQ or PIQ among the three groups. However, the ADHD group tended to score lower on the VIQ and subtest of similarity, vocabulary, and digit span tests. The three groups did not significantly differ with respect to CCTT test results. On the STROOP test, the ADHD group showed poor performance on the word, color, and color-word subtests. The three groups did not exhibit significant differences in WCST test results ; however, the anxiety group performed poorly belonging to below 25 percentile rank on perseverative response. On the ROCF test, the ADHD group performed poorly with respect to their organization score and in particular, regarding copy and immediate recall. The anxiety group also performed poorly with regard to organization ; however, this was limited only to immediate recall. Conclusion : Children with ADHD displayed poor inhibition and organizational abilities compared to children with anxiety and normal controls. Further, children with anxiety disorder exhibited low cognitive flexibility and voluntary problem-solving abilities compared to ADHD children and normal controls. Based on these results, we suggest that the characteristics of executive dysfunction in ADHD and anxiety disorder in children are different.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the deficits of executive function in children with ADHD, Asperger's Disorder(AD), and teaming disorder (LD), and to identify the differential characteristics of executive function deficits among three groups. Methods : The clinical group consisted of 46 children between the ages of 7 and 15 (16 ADHD, 16 LD, 14 AD). Neuropsychological tests for measuring cognitive function, attention and executive function were individually administered to children, and their performance scores were calculated based on the age norm for each test. Results : There was no significant difference in FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ among the three groups. However, the AD group tended to show higher scores on the subtests of Information, Vocabulary and Digit Span, and lower score on Comprehension subtest than the ADHD and LD groups, while the LD group tended to show the lowest scores on the Information and Vocabulary subtests. On ADS, the ADHD group showed the highest omission and commission errors. All groups showed poor performances belonging to below 25 percentile ranks on executive function tests when compared to the age norms of normative group. The number of completed category on WCST was the smallest in the ADHD group, while the working memory score was the lowest in the LD group. Conclusion : These results suggest that ADHD, LD, and AD children have executive function deficit in common. However, the specific deficit areas in executive function are different for each group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2015

Objectives : Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to display more inhibitory deficits and executive function deficits. This study investigated the treatment effects of neurofeedback (NF) training on executive function by comparing the results of neuropsychological tests of the trained children at pre- and post-training. Methods : Fifteen children with ADHD, aged 6 to 14 years, participated in the study. The NF treatment consisted of slow cortical potential (SCP) training and these sessions took place once a week. The ADHD children performed 20 sessions of NF training within 6 months. Pre-training and post-training assessments encompassed Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Stroop Test, Children's Color Trails Test I&II (CCTT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results : Patients receiving NF training showed significant improvement in visual commission error and standard deviation of auditory response time on CPT ; and total errors on WCST. But there was no significant improvement in the Stroop test and CCTT. Conclusion : SCP training using NF improves the self-regulatory capacities and impulsivity in ADHD patient, especially impulsivity in visual stimulation tasks. This study showed evidence of clinical efficacy of NF on executive function in ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine whether children with Tourette disorder (TD) have functional impairment and executive dysfunction in comparison to children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-affected controls. Methods : From January 2006 to December 2013, 45 children and adolescents with TD and 50 children and adolescents with ADHD diagnosed at the Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital and 50 non-affected controls were enrolled in this study. Functional impairment of the subjects was assessed using the Child and Adolescents Functioning Impairment Scale (CAFIS), parent and teacher versions. In addition, neuropsychological tests including Stroop color-word Test, Finger windows Test (FWT), and Digit span were administered. Outcomes were compared across the TD, ADHD, and non-affected controls. Results : No difference in CAFIS-parent and CAFIS-teacher results was observed between children with TD and non-affected controls, whereas, children with ADHD showed more impairments relative to non-affected controls in the CAFIS-parent. According to the Stroop color-word Test, FWT, and Digit span, executive function in children with TD did not differ from non-affected controls. Children with ADHD had poorer performance in measures of the Stroop color-word Test compared to children with TD. Conclusion : Children and adolescents with TD but not ADHD were not significantly different from non-affected controls on most measures of functional impairment and executive function. These findings suggest that an education program and intervention for children with TD would be important to reducing the stigma of TD.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD)의 타이밍에 따른 운동기능과 실행기능의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상은 부산지역에 거주하며, ADHD 진단을 받은 만 6~12세 아동 32명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구로는 타이밍 기능 평가를 위해 상호작용식 메트로놈(Interactive Metronome; IM), 운동기능 평가를 위해 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition(BOT-2)를 사용하였고, 실행기능 평가를 위해 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사와 아동 색 선로 검사를 사용하였다. 타이밍에 따른 운동기능과 실행기능의 차이를 알아보기 위해 Mann-Whitney U 검정을 실시하였다. 결과 : ADHD 아동의 타이밍에 따른 운동기능의 차이를 알아본 결과 BOT-2의 영역 중 미세한 손의 조절 영역에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 각 영역의 하위 항목에서는 미세운동 정확성에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). ADHD 아동의 타이밍에 따른 실행기능의 차이를 알아본 결과 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사와 아동 색 선로 검사에서 유의한 차이를 보이진 않았다. 결론 : ADHD 아동의 결함들 중에서 타이밍 기능에 따른 운동과 실행기능의 차이를 알아 볼 수 있었다. 본 연구는 추후에 진행될 ADHD 아동의 타이밍에 관한 연구를 하는데, 기초자료로 사용될 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1999

요 약：본 연구의 목적은 주의력 결핍/과잉행동 장애 아동의 실행 능력을 비교 집단인 신경증 집단과 비교하고자 하였으며, 특히 연령 변화에 따른 실행 능력의 변화를 비교 고찰하였다. 방 법：대상은 DSM-IV 진단준거에 의하여 ADHD로 진단 받은 아동들로, 연령 범위는 6세에서 16세까지의 아동 87명(남자 77명, 여자 10명)이다. 대조군은 경미한 우울 장애, 경미한 불안 장애를 보이는 19명의(남자 14명, 여자 5명) 아동들로 이하 신경증 집단으로 분류하였다. 모든 아동에게 1：1로 WCST를 실시하였으며, Heaton(1981)의 방식을 computer version으로 실시하였다. 연구에서 측정한 WCST의 종속측정치는 총시도횟수, 정반응수, 오반응수, 보속반응수, 보속오류수, 첫 범주를 마치는데 요구된 시도수, 유지실패수, 완성된 범주수 이다. 이때, 연령 및 진단을 함께 고려하여 이원변량분석(2-way ANOVA) 및 t-test 검증을 실시하였다. 결 과：ADHD 집단과 Neurosis 집단 간에 WCST의 수행을 비교한 결과는 정반응수, 오반응수, 비보속 오류수, 개념반응, 완성된 범주수에서 두 집단 간에 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 연령에 따라 WCST의 수행을 비교한 결과 총시행수, 오반응수, 보속 반응수, 보속 오류수, 비보속 오류수, 완성된 범주수, 첫범주 완성 시도수에서, 의미있는 차이를 나타내었다. 결 론：ADHD 집단은 대조군에 비하여, 외부 feedback에 맞춰 자신의 반응을 수정해 가는 능력이 부족하며, 자기-통제를 하지 못한 채 무작위적인 반응을 했을 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 하지만 보속 오류수, 보속 반응수에서는 차이가 나타나지 않고 있어 이에 대한 해석에 주의를 요하고 있다. 또한 연령 변화에 따라 실행 능력 전반에 걸쳐 변화가 나타나고 있다는 것은 실행 능력을 연구할 때 발달적인 측면이 꼭 고려되어야 함을 시사한다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the neuropsychological deficits with major depressive disorder(MDD) in depressed state and 2) the changes of neuropsychological dysfunctions during depressed episodes and remitted periods in the MDD group. Methods : 12 patients with MDD and 70 normal controls who were diagnosed and classified by DSM-IV and SCID-IV interview participated in this study. The psychopathology was measured using the Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). The memory function, executive function, and sustained attention were measured by a trained psychologist using the Korean version of Memory Assessment Scale(K-MAS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and Vigilance(VIG) and Cognitrone (COG) in Vienna Test System. After 6 weeks of treatment, we retested the cognitive tests in order to measure the cognitive functions in remitted states. Results : Patients with MDD achieved significantly lower score in sentence immediately recall, verbal memory score and total memory score of the K-MAS, total errors of the WCST, response time of Vigilance and response time at "Yes" response of Cognitrone than normal controls at baseline. After 6 weeks of medication, the psychiatric symptoms in the patient group were attenuated, and most of the neuropsychological functions including attention, memory, and frontal/executive function were improved except for response time of Cognitrone. Conclusions : This study provides evidence for distinct neuropsychological deficits in patients with MDD on their depressed states and remitted periods. The impairment on response time remains after remission, and this would be a trait marker of major depressive disorder.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

연구목적 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 환자들을 대상으로 다양한 실행기능과 정량화 뇌파간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 31명의 소아청소년 ADHD 환자를 대상으로 정량화 뇌파를 측정하였다. 종합주의력검사(Comprehensive Attention Test, CAT), 스트룹 색-단어 추론 검사(Color-Word Inference Test, CWIT), 선추적 검사(Trail Making Test, TMT), 카드분류검사(Card Sorting Test, CST)가 시행되었고 한국어판 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 평정척도(Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, K-ARS)가 측정되었다. 결과 CAT 검사 점수와 알파, 베타 파워가 양적 상관이 있는 반면, 델타 파워와는 부적 상관이 있었다. CWIT 검사에서는 감소된 델타 파워와 증가된 베타 파워가 높은 수행수준과 관련 있었다. 높은 TMT 검사 점수는 증가된 알파 대역 파워와 관련이 있었으며, CST 검사에서 델타 파워는 높은 수행수준과 부적 상관이 있는 반면 알파, 하이 감마파의 파워와는 양적 상관을 보였다. K-ARS 점수는 알파 파워와 부적 상관을 보였다. 결론 정량화 뇌파는 ADHD 환자들의 실행기능과 상관성을 보이며 신경생리학적 지표로서의 유용성이 시사된다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.394-395
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• 2022

Exergames are playing an important role in healthcare/rehabilitation. It has also been used to improve motivation among patients with reduced cognition. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of using augmented reality (AR) with game-based cognitive-motor training programs for executive function, restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in children with autism spectrum disorder. Sixteen children aged 6 -16 years were randomly allocated to the experimental group and control group. Outcome measures were performed before and after the intervention and included executive function, restricted and repetitive behavior. A satisfactory survey was conducted post-intervention. A statistically significant improvement was observed in working memory and cognitive flexibility in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, despite no statistical improvements in cognitive inhibition and four subscales of RRBs, promising changes were observed in all the subscales of the executive function and the behavioral outcomes. Parents appreciated the program and children enjoyed the interaction with the AR game-based training. The findings of this preliminary feasibility study showed that AR using Kinect v2 motion with a cognitive-motor game content can be used for children with autism. However, there is a need for conducting a large-scale study to evaluate his effectiveness on executive function and restricted and repetitive behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

Objectives : Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often comorbid with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric illnesses. When associated with other mental problems, the prognosis of the AUD can be more serious. This study shows research on the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics according to whether or not ADHD symptoms and AUD were comorbid. Methods : A total of 64 adult inpatients who completed AUD scales about adult ADHD, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. They also completed neuropsychological tests about attention and executive function. According to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale score, patients were categorized into two groups (ADHD symptom positive/negative group). Results : Fourteen among the 64 subjects were part of the ADHD symptom positive group (21.9%). They had statistically significant shorter abstinence periods and a higher rate of history of 'rule violation during school' and 'physical damage in childhood' compared to the ADHD symptom negative group. Conclusion : The comorbidity rate with ADHD symptom in adult AUD is higher than the general population. The ADHD symptom positive group suffered from more severe and refractory AUD. Considering the more frequent history of rule violation during school in the ADHD symptom positive group, the association between ADHD and AUD may be mediated by conduct disorder. Therefore we suggest the necessity of careful evaluation and intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD and conduct disorder.