• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.111-117
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• 2010

Objectives : The acupoint-meridian relationship of an acupoint is one of important features of the acupoint. It has also shown evolutionary development over the history of medicine. This study analyzed the prototype kind of information on acupoint-meridian relationships in the A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion(the Classic) of 2c BCE. Methods : The acupoint-meridian relationship of all the acupoints listed in the Classic was counted and reviewed in comparison with the information in the contemporary standard texts. Results : In comparison with the contemporary standard of 361 meridian points, the Classic listed 349(97%) acupoints. Of contemporary standard 361 points, 287(81%) acupoints still maintain the same acupoint-meridian relationship as in the Classic. Conclusions : Acupoint-meridian relationship in the Classic has largely been maintained throughout the history and still comprises a major proportion of the contemporary body of knowledge on acupoint-meridian relationship.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.263-275
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• 2001

Animal phyla in the traditional animal phylogeny were organized into an order of increasing body plan complexity, which was based on the similarities in early embryonic stages. Molecular phylogeny mainly by 18S rRNA data provides recently re-evaluation of the traditional evolutionary scenario. The current molecular-based view of animal relationships strongly suggest the burst of two groups regraded as intermediate grades of body complexity in the traditional concept and displacement of them into higher positions in the tree. The new animal tree provides a framework within new picture of bilaterian ancestor could be drawn, and comparative developmental and genomic data to be interpreted.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.208-217
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• 2010

Crossosomatales is a recently recognized order in the rosid II clade with about 64 species in eight morphologically distinct families that have been previously classified in as many as 15 other orders. Phylogenetic relationships among the families and genera within Crossosomatales were investigated using chloroplast atpB, matK, and rbcL sequences employing maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic framework was used to examine the patterns of morphological evolution and synapomorphies for subclades within Crossosomatales. The combined data with representative species from all genera in the order strongly supported monophyly of Crossosomatales. Strong support was found for the families in the Southern Hemisphere, in which Aphloiaceae is sister to the clade of (Geissolomataceae, (Ixerbaceae + Strasburgeriaceae)). The sister relationship between the Southern Hemisphere clade and families distributed primarily in the Northern Hemisphere was also supported. As in the previous studies, following relationships were found within the Northern Hemisphere clade: Staphyleaceae is sister to a clade of (Guamatelaceae, (Stachyuraceae + Crossosomataceae)). The pattern analysis indicates that evolutionary pattern of morphological characters is complex, requiring multiple changes within Crossosomatales. Several reproductive traits, such as inflorescence, aril, stigma, and conspicuous protrusion from pollen aperture, corroborate the molecular phylogeny.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.4 s.75
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• pp.310-317
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• 1995

The evolutionary relationships for 43 species in the taxa of the basidiomycetous yeast and related yeast-like fungi have been studied from the 43 18S rRNA partial sequences. Fibulobasidium inconspicuum showed a relatively close relationship to Filobasidiella neoformans. It is obvious that Tremella foliacea and Ustilogo rabenhorstiana form a independently different cluster from basidiomycetous yeast and seem to be phylogenetically distant from basidiomycetous yeast and each other. The basidiomycetous yeasts are believed more closely associated with Tremella foliacea than with Ustilago rabenhorstiana. The phenotypic criteria such as carotenoid pigments, teliospores, ballistospores seems not to be phylogenetically useful indicators.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2024

Measurement or prediction of compression index (C_c) of soils is essential for assessment of total and differential settlement of structures. It is a well-known fact that this parameter is controlled by several index identifiers of soil including initial void ratio, Atterberg limits, overconsolidation ratio, specific gravity, etc. Many studies in the past proposed relationships for prediction of C_c based on different index properties. Therefore, this study aims to present a comparison of previously proposed equations for estimation of C_c. Data from literature was compiled, and a total of 90 and 623 test results on remolded and undisturbed specimens were used to question the validity of previously proposed equations. Nevertheless, the modeling ability of 7 and 12 equations for estimation of C_c of remolded and undisturbed soils were questioned by use of compiled data. Moreover, new empirical relationships based on initial void ratio and toughness limit for prediction of C_c was proposed by use of nonlinear multivariable regression and evolutionary based regression analyses. The results are promising-the performances of models established are quite acceptable, which are verified by statistical analyses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.533-541
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• 2000

Compared to mammal including human, many bioreactive genes that regulate various biological events has not been cloned and characterized yet in fishes, especially shark, Scyliorhinus torazame. In orther to isolate genes that regulate physiological processes in cartilaginors fishes, we performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the RNA of cartilage tissues of Scyliofhinus torazame. The cloned partial genes were 86%, 80%, 73%, 84%, 75%, 79% identical to $\alpha$- actin, 90-kDa heat-shock protein, methyle-neterahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltertrahydrofolate cyclohudrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, ubiquitin, glutamine synthetase and connective tissue growth factor genes of human, respectively. They also have similar nucleotide sequence homologues with those of another species. These partial bioreactive genes elucidated in this study may support to studies of phylogenetic analysis based on evolutionary relationships between shark and other species.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2003

It has been considered that genus Cosmarium including Staurastrum had the problems in grouping by morphological characters. Sequence data for the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit III (coxIII) were employed to compare with taxa of two divisions of this genus, with sections in each, for evaluating the taxonomic stability of these morphological characters. The division and section systems were not coincided with the phylogeny inferred from coxIII sequences, as the previous reports from us using nuclear rDNA ITS and chloroplast rbcL sequence comparisons in this genus. Two taxa of Staurastrum were not placed within a same clade each other, and one taxon of these was grouped in Arthrodesmus clade. Two genera, Cosmarium and Staurastrum, cannot be regarded as monophyletic from this result. Mitochondrial coxIII gene was considered as a useful phylogenetic tool to evaluate evolutionary relationships of desmids as in the case of land plants.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.617-623
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• 2003

Organisms living in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are exposed to strong constraints, of which temperature is a driving factor. Evolution has led to special adaptations, some with important implications at the biochemical, physiological, and molecular levels. The northern and southern polar oceans have very different characteristics. Tectonic and oceanographic events have played a key role in delimiting the two polar ecosystems and influencing evolution. Antarctica has been isolated and cold longer than the Arctic; its ice sheet developed at least 10 million years earlier. As an intermediate system, the Arctic is a connection between the more extreme, simpler Antarctic system and the very complex temperate and tropical systems. By studying the molecular bases of cold adaptation in polar fish, and taking advantage of the information available on hemoglobin structure and function, we analysed the evolutionary history of the ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}globins$ of Antarctic and Arctic hemoglobin using the molecular clock hypothesis as a basis for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships among species.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2020

Cooperative behavior may seem contrary to the notion of natural selection and adaptation, but is widely observed in nature, from the genetic level to the organism. The origin and persistence of cooperative behavior has long been a mystery to scientists studying evolution and ecology. One of the important research topics in the field of evolutionary ecology and behavioral ecology is to find out why cooperation is maintained over time. In this paper we take a historical overview of mathematical models representing cooperative relationships from the perspective of mathematical biology, which studies population dynamics between interacting biological groups, and analyze the mathematical characteristics and meanings of these cooperative models.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.62-65
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• 2000

Partial sequence comparisons of mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mt SSU rDNA) were used to examine taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among seven Penicillium species : two monoverticillate species, two biverticillate species, and three terverticillate species. Amplified fragments of mt SSU rDNA highly varied among seven species in size, suggesting the existence of multiple insertions or deletions in the region. A phylogengtic tree was constructed by exhaustive search of parsimony analysis. The phylogenetic tree distinguished two statistically supported monophyletic groups, one for two monoverticillate species and the other for three terverticillate species and ont biverticillate species, P. vulpinum. The phylogenetic relationship of P. waksmanii, the biverticillate species, was not clear.