• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_2
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• pp.531-539
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• 1998

This study was carried in Mt. Paektu on the border between North Korea and China. The dominant communities of evergreen broad-leaved trees were Rhododendron aureum community, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community, Rhododendron redowskianum community and Phyllodoce coerulea community. The evergreen broad-leaved trees investigated consist of a total 34 taxa : 4 forms, 16 varieties, 14 species, 10 genera, 5 families in Mt Paektu and North Korea(in literature). The soil organic matter and available phosphorus were different according to plant community and altitude.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2011

The research was conducted to find optimal habitats of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees, and to investigate climate factors to determine their distribution using classification tree (CT) analysis. The warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees model (EG-model) constructed by CT analysis showed that Mean minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC) is a major climate factor in determining distribution of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees. The areas above the $-5.95^{\circ}C$ of TMC revealed the optimal habitats of the trees. The coldest month mean temperature (CMT) equitable to $-5.95^{\circ}C$ of TMC is $-1.7^{\circ}C$, which is lower than $-1^{\circ}C$ of CMT of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees. Suitable habitats were defined for warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees in Korea. These habitats were classified into two areas according to the value of TMC. One area with more than$-5.95^{\circ}C$ of TMC was favorable to trees if the summer precipitation (PRS) is above 826.5mm; the other one with less than $-5.95^{\circ}C$ of TMC was favorable if PRS is above 1219mm. These favorable conditions of habitats were similar to those of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees in Japan. We figured out from these results that distribution of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees were expanded to inland areas of southern parts of Korean peninsula, and ares with the higher latitude. Finally, the northern limits of warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees might be adjusted accordingly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the woody landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle, and high school in Iri city, and to obtain some fundamental information for development and use of native species of trees. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 55 families, 164 species, and 85, 045 trees and the average of landscape plants species of 17 elementary schools was 50.5 families, 3, 010 trees, on the other hand, middle and high school was 42.4 families, 1, 609 trees. 2. Plants species by type was Deciduous Broadleaved Tree 32.9%, Deciduous Broadleaved Shrub 25.6%, Evergreen Coniferous Tree 14.6%, Evergreen Broadleaved Shrub 9.7%, Vine 4.8%. Evergreen Trees on the other hand, according to the utilization rate 'others' was 32.2%. 3. The rate of plants species of the Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous (except Vine and 'others') was 34:66. on the other hand, rate of quantity was 50.5:49.5 and the rate of the trees to the shrubs(except Vine and 'others') was 58:42. to the plants species and to the quantity of the number of trees was 25.9:74.1. 4. Plants species of fruit plants of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 31 species to the 164 species. The rate of frequency was Poncirus trifoliata 27.8%, Lycium chinense 25.1%, Ginkgo biloba 16.7%, to the quantity of the number of trees, fruit plants was 2, 605 trees to the 85, 045 trees and the frequency was 3%. 5. School trees and flowers of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city were appointed 17 elementary school, on the other hand, middle and high schools were only 4 middle and high schools. Plants species of the best of frequency school tree was Zelkova serrata and school flower was Rosa spp.. 6. The rate of the native species to the introduced species was 73.8:26.2. on the other hand, the rate of quantity by the number of trees was 84.7:15.3 to the type, the rate of frequency of plants of native species Evergreen trees was Thuja orientalis, deciduous was Ginkgo biloba, Vine was Wisteria floribunda and 'others' was Sasa borealis. on the other hand, to the introduced species, Evergreen Trees was Juniperus chinensis. Deciduous Trees was Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Vine was Vitis labrusca and 'others' was Phyllostachys pubescens. 7. As the fundament of the results of above the optimum selecting of woody landscape plants according to native species of trees was 29 families, 58 species. on the basis of 30 points, 28 points was 8 species Ginkgo biloba, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Elaeagnus umbellata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Weigela subsessilis, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lonicera japonica, 26 points was 27 species Thuja orientalis, Zelk ova serrata, Euonymus japonica etc., and 24 points was 23 species Populus tomen tiglandulosa, Juglans sinensis, Sophora japonica etc..

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 1998

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera $L_{EV}$.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age>2 years and height<1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height>1m and dbh<10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh>10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.194-206
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• 1998

In 1977, Local governments' planting regulations for the development projects were established in accordance with the revised building law in Korea. A landscaped area, planting densities of trees and shrubs, a percentage of evergreen plants, minimum tree size and species were prescribed in the planting regulations. But the clauses for an excessive planting density and a high ratio of evergreen trees that the regulations includes, have been gradually in the way to a creative planting design, and raise a problem of poor growth of trees an a disordered planting landscape. Therefore, in this study the present planting regulations of 124 local governments throughout the country were analyzed and compared with 13 foreign local governments' of 4 countries ; Japan, the United States of America, Canada and Singapore. And the linitations and characteristics of the regulations are drawn as follows ; 1. The regulations focus on controlling the green spaces and plantings by quantitative methods such as controlling the number of trees and the landscaped area, which are inadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and which areinadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and implementing the function of polantings and the use of green spaces. 2. Minimums of tree densities are higher than those of foreign countries, especially higher about 10 times to 100 times than those of the United States of America. 3.Excessive number of evergreen trees and fruit trees should be planted under the present planting regulations, that results in constricting the creativity in planting design. 4. An article for using specific tree size, 2.0ms over in height makes it difficult to use a wide variety of different sizes of trees. And there is no incentive measures when larger trees are planted. To enhance the quality of green spaces and plantings, it is needed that the function and locating of green spaces and plantings have to be emphasized, and the planting density should be concerned about the mature tree size. The incentive measure to use various sizes of trees is also needed, and the regulations to use excessive number of evergreen trees or fruit trees should be loosened.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 1984

Jisimdo is an island where evergreen broadleaved forests are well preserved. Soil environments and forest structures of Jisimdo were investigated, and an actual vegetation map and profile diagrams were drawn out. The natural vegetation of Jisimdo was divided into two stand units, one was evergreen broadleaved forest and the other was Pinus thunbergii forest. 26 species were identified as evergreen broadoeaved trees, and among them, Camellia japonica was the dominont of the tree layer of evergreen broadleaved forest. Profile diagram shows that Camellia japonica, with average height of 7∼8m, formed lower tree layer, and laurels like Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus thunbergii, and Neolitsea sericea formed upper tree layer. In Pinus thunbergii forest, plants of shrub and herb layers were abundant because of much light penetrated into the forest floor, and these layers were largely composed of evergreen broadleaved trees. This fact shows the possibility of succession from Pinus thunbergii forest into evergreen broadleaved forest. Jisimdo is geographically adjacent to Jangseungpo and Okpo, and this increases the economic value of Jisimdo as a place of public resort. It will be necessary from being destroyed by land development and human interferences.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.66-77
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• 2019

This study investigated the feasibility of wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the Incheon coastal area through a climate analysis. The coldest monthly mean air temperature ranged from $-2.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-1.6^{\circ}C$. The warmth index of the coastal area of Incheon ranged from $98.89^{\circ}C{\cdot}month-109.03^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, while the minimum air temperature year ranged from $-13.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-3.6^{\circ}C$. This proved that the Incheon coastal area was not suitable for evergreen broad-leaf trees to grow as the warmth index ranges from $101.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}117.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, and the temperature year-round is $-9.2^{\circ}C$ or higher. This suggests the coastal areas of Incheon is not suitable for the growth of evergreen broad-leaf trees, however some evergreen broad-leaf trees lived in some parts of the area. Wind speed reduction and temperature effect simulations were done using Landschaftsanalyse mit GIS program. As a result of the simulations of wind speed reduction and temperature effects affecting the evergreen broad-leaf trees, it was discovered that a coastal wind velocity of 8.6m/sec was alleviated to be 5m/sec~7m/sec when the wind reached the areas where evergreen broad-leaf trees were present. It was also discovered that species that grew in contact with buildings benefited from a temperature increase of $1.1^{\circ}C{\sim}3.4^{\circ}C$ due to the radiant heat released by the building. Simulation results show that the weather factors affecting the winter growth damages of evergreen broad-leaved trees were wind speed reduction and local warming due to buildings. The wind speed reduction by shielding and local warming effects by buildings have enabled the wintering of evergreen broad-leaved trees. Also, evergreen broad-leaved trees growing in the coastal area of Incheon could be judged to be gradually adapting to low temperatures in winter. This study reached the conclusion that the blockage of wind, and the proximity of buildings, are required for successfully wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the coastal area of Incheon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.59-71
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• 2020

Using high-resolution stereoscopic aerial images (in 2008, 2012 and 2016), we conducted to analyze the spatial characteristics affecting evergreen coniferous die-off in the northwestern ridge (major distribution area such as Abies nephrolepis), Seoraksan National Park. The detected number of dead trees at evergreen coniferous forest (5.24㎢) was 1,223 in 2008, was 2,585 in 2012 and was 3,239 in 2016. The number of cumulated dead trees was 7,047 in 2016. In recent years, the number of dead trees increased relatively in the northwest ridge, Seoraksan National Park. Among the analysed spatial factor (altitude, aspect, slope, solar radiation and topographic wetness index), the number of dead trees was increased in the conditions with high altitude, steep slope and dry soil moisture. A spatial distribution of dead tree was divided into 2 groups largely (high altitude with high solar radiation, low altitude with steep slope). In conclusion, the dead trees of evergreen coniferous were concentrated at spatial distribution characteristics causing dryness in the northwestern ridge, Seoraksan National Park.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 2021

Tropical dry forests are one of the most threatened, widely distributed ecosystems in tropics and estimation of forest biomass is a crucial component of global carbon emission estimation. Therefore, the present study was aimed to quantify the biomass and carbon storage in trees on large scale (10, 1 ha plots) in the dry mixed evergreen forest of Javadhu forest of Eastern Ghats. Biomass of adult (≥10 cm DBH) trees was estimated by non-harvest methods. The total biomass of trees in this tropical dry mixed evergreen forest was ranged from 160.02 to 250.8 Mg/ha, with a mean of 202.04±24.64 Mg/ha. Among the 62 tree species enumerated, Memecylon umbellatum accumulated greater biomass and carbon stocks (24.29%) more than the other species in the 10 ha study plots. ANOVA revealed that there existed a significant variation in the total biomass and carbon stock among the three plant types (Evergreen, brevi-deciduous and deciduous (F (2, 17)=15.343, p<0.001). Basal area and density was significant positively correlated with aboveground biomass (R² 0.980; 0.680) while species richness exhibited negative correlation with above ground biomass (R² 0.167). Finding of present study may be interpreted as most of the trees in this forest are yet to be matured and there is a net addition to standing biomass leading to carbon storage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the current status of planted trees in Seoul Forest and propose improvement plans to improve the naturalness in the park. A comprehensive survey of the trees in the park was conducted, and the data gathered was used to build a list of planting trees suitable for an urban park. The analysis of the characteristics of landscape trees in Seoul Forest by type was about the presence or absence of leaves, and they were classified into deciduous trees, evergreen trees, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as groundcover plants separately classified. The study found that Seoul Forest had 57 species of native and naturalized trees, with 27 deciduous trees, 35 deciduous shrubs, 15 evergreen trees, and 98 evergreen shrubs. The park also had 472 species of herbaceous plants, totaling 320,000. The majority of planted trees in Seoul Forest were native species, comprising 59% of the total planted trees, while naturalized species made up 41%. Furthermore, the ratio of deciduous trees to evergreen trees was 81% to 19%, with deciduous trees being the dominant species. The evergreen trees showed a similar trend, with a total of 23 species, including 15 native and 8 foreign species, accounting for 65% of native species. In addition, the study identified six common deciduous shrubs, including Forsythia koreana, orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Deutzia parviflora, Rhododendron lateritium, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, which are frequently planted in areas with abundant water. The study also revealed that among the 10 evergreen shrub species, 9 were native and 1 was foreign. The study aimed to classify the species planted in Seoul Forest into native and foreign species and to provide a data-driven plan to encourage the planting of native species. This study offers valuable insights into planting planning and design for urban parks, which is essential for enhancing naturalness, as most studies have primarily focused on usage patterns and satisfaction in urban parks. By promoting the planting of native species, the naturalness of Seoul Forest can be improved.