• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.123-144
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate affection on how users perceive colors viewed from an automotive visual display according to cultural and radical differences including North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This study especially aims to identify effects of the variation of tone and chroma of representative color groups by analyzing affection differences depending on cultural and racial differences targeting the colors constituted through variation of tone and chroma, centered on representative colors. Background: The colors of the menu, information display or background viewed through an automotive visual display are an important factor stimulating consumer's affection, and therefore an effort to express the vehicle's brand and product image through colors is made. The studies on colors focus only on the research on unique characteristics of colors, but an affective approach lacks according to cultural and racial differences on colors considering tone and chroma variation within a color from the currently used automotive visual displays. Method: To grasp the visual affection felt by users, this study extracted affective adjectives related with colors through existing literature and a dictionary for adjectives, and presented human affection dimensions on colors through evaluation of various colors. Prior to carrying out affection evaluation, the basic light sources, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) constituting the colors used for automotive visual displays were defined as a representative color group, respectively. When colors in a color group are constituted, the evaluation target of each color group consisted of the colors considering the variation of tone and chroma by changing color sense through RGB values of the remaining two light sources. And then, this study carried out affection evaluation on the constituted colors targeting the subjects with cultural and racial differences. Results: As a result of evaluating the constituted colors with representative affections, there were statistically significant differences between the groups having cultural and racial differences. As a result of S-N-K post-hoc analysis on the colors showing significant differences, North America and Europe were classified as heterogeneous groups. In some cases, Korea was classified as the homogeneous group with North America, but Korea was mainly classified as the homogenous group with Europe. Conclusion: The representative affections on colors from an automotive visual display was drawn as three affective dimensions: passionate, neat, and masculine. Based on these, the affection of Korea and Europe on the constituted colors showed significant differences from that of North America, as a result of affection evaluation on the constituted colors viewed through the visual display by reflecting cultural and racial factors. Regarding representative color groups, bigger cultural and racial differences were revealed in terms of affection on red and green colors than on blue color, and variation of affection was the biggest in the red color. Application: This study analyzed correlations of affection considering the colors constituted through variation of tone and chroma, and the culture and race in the representative color groups constituting a visual display. The results of this study are predicted to be utilized in coordination and selection of colors viewed from an automotive visual display taking into account culture and race.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

The purposes of this study are to present the criteria for a sensibility rating scale for measuring the general public's perception of museums' spatial environment, particularly lobby space, through an empirical analysis; and to clarify the characteristics of the presented rating scale in terms of each rating element and factor. For this study, a survey was conducted during September 11-17, 2010, and a total of 370 museum visitors participated in the survey. A sensibility rating scale used for the survey consisted of a total of 32 adjectives selected from a literature review of previous studies. To specify the dimensions of semantic space using the semantic adjectives, words with opposite meanings were analyzed with the semantic differential technique developed by Osgood et al. Using SPSS, a reliability analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted on the data obtained from the survey. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: According to the general public's perception of museum lobbies, five factors were found from the 19 semantic ratings of the Gyeonggido Museum of Modern Art and the 20 semantic ratings of the Seoul Museum of Art, respectively. In the case of Gyeonggido Museum of Modern Art, three additional semantic words of 'orderly', 'open', and 'original', which did not appear in the case of Seoul Museum of Art, were discovered. In the case of Seoul Museum of Art, more detailed semantic words such as 'restrained', 'ordinary', 'concrete', and 'intellectual (rational)' were obtained. Five semantic elements, which describe the two museums, were: Feelings of 'pleasantness', 'value, 'usage', 'aesthetics', and 'materials'. According to a comparative analysis of the two lobby spaces in terms of semantic rating elements, Gyeonggido Museum of Modern Art was perceived to be an orderly, original, open, soft, and female-like space, whereas Seoul Museum of Art was perceived to be aesthetic, restrained, concrete, realistic, intellectual and rational. In the coming years, the results of this study will serve as valuable data for constructing a sensibility rating scale for evaluating spatial environments of museums.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.14-21
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• 2010

In this study, the preferences with regard to floral design in a public space and the correlation between such preferences and the image features of the floral design types were identified. Based on the review of the related literature, the floral designs placed in a public space were classified into three types(the flower bed, container, and three-dimensional sculpture types) according to physical factors, and were classified into two types(the indoor and outdoor types) according to environmental factors. In the floral-design type classified by physical and environmental factors, the flower bed and outdoor types, respectively, were highly preferred. The factor that was found to have the greatest influence on the preference for the flower bed type was 'well-orderedness', which included the adjective categories 'harmonious', 'clean', and 'simple'; that which was found to have the greatest influence on the preference for the outdoor-type floral design was 'identity', which included the adjective categories 'symbolic', 'distinctive', 'harmonious', 'impressive', and 'clean'. It can thus be concluded that the plants that are effectively displayed in a public space can express the nature and identity of the city itself, can be a yardstick for giving value to the city and for evaluating it, and can be important components of the urban landscape. A design that is suitable for the purpose of each public space and that reflects the factors that exert an influence on the users' floral-design type preference should thus be developed.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2005

A frictional coefficients of in-vivo skin characteristic is the most important factor of the cutaneous mechanical properties ant the method of evaluating skin care in the fields of cosmetics products. In-vivo skin characteristic varies in many different ways depends on what is applied to the skin, loading condition, shape, surface roughness, and material of the probe. In this research, we designed a system which can be measured frictional coefficients of a human skin on real time. It consists of multi-components load-cell, actuator, linear motor and arm fixator. This measurement system was automatically controlled by computer. We measured frictional coefficients between probe an4 skin using this system ant inquired adjectives for subjective evaluation while rubbing cosmetic product on skin. Lastly, we analyzed correlation between two factors by calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficient. As a result, we could know that frictional coefficients varied from 0.17-1.2 according to cosmetic products, normal forte, materials and surface conditions of probe. We also confirmed sensual feelings of cosmetic products have close correlation with frictional coefficients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.21-30
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify elementary school teachers' perceptions of various aspects of physical environments of a classroom. For the purpose, a survey questionnaire was administered to 982 classroom teachers(female 82.2%) working at 67 elementary schools(Seoul 55%) located in Seoul and Busan. According to the analyses of the survey data, 50.8% of the respondent teachers suggested 20-25 as an optimum class size. Also, 57% of the teachers were positive about the current size of a classroom($67.5m^2$), but evaluations of a classroom size were divided between the teachers who had more and less than 30 students in class. Furthermore, three factors, labelled as 'uniqueness', 'residential stability' and 'visually pleasing', were extracted from a factor analysis of the Semantic Differential Scale consisting of 24 adjectives evaluating a classroom environment. Teachers from Busan tended to rate higher in the uniqueness domain while female teachers scored higher in the domain of residential stability, respectively, compared to their counterparts. Overall, the teachers perceived their classrooms having no particular characteristics, but rated highly in terms of stability. In addition, it was found out that the teachers' requests for the improvement of a classroom environment were not so much as the increased size of a classroom as a reduced class size as well as educational facilities that are corresponding to a variety of instructional methods. In summary, this study confirmed that elementary school teachers' perceptions of a classroom environment varied according to such factors as sex, teaching career, grade of their concerned class, and class size.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2006

This paper is concerned with analyzing the images of Korean automobiles using, so called, sensory engineering, which adapts the sensory and subjective assessment of human beings in evaluating the quality of product. The methodology of analysis is suggested in this paper according to the following steps. First, 14 pairs of adjectives, which describe the image of object cars in view of the semantic differential method, are derived from consulting with several expert panels. Nextly, factor analysis is performed in order to obtain the axises, by which the images space of the object automobiles are specified, and then the images of the object automobiles are measured by the coordinate of all the object automobiles in the image space. In this paper, a sensory estimation experiment is performed to a panel consisting with In undergraduate students residing in the region of Daegu. From the result of analysis of this paper, target images, which the automobile manufacturers are intended, are achieved by and large except one company.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.9 no.spc3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2006

This study has showed verified results on 'Survey into Observer Preference for Table Decoration for Eating and Drinking'. It is a preliminary study to look into interrelation of preference to color tables, image adjectives, aesthetic value, by giving color changes in a certain regularity to each influential factor in functional table decoration. The result has demonstrated that, as for color image and preference,'observers prefers mid/low dark-toned brown which gives a feeling of 'high-quality, and like to eat', and orange tone with a fooling of 'warm and colorful'. In evaluating interrelation between preference and aesthetic value, the study has revealed that ordinary people take the influential factor of 'unity and Gestalt' seriously, while non-professionals preferred 'uniqueness'. Stimulant No. 7 is one of constituent factors of functional table decoration, eliciting significance of images on colors ant aesthetic value. This study also has practical problems about insufficiency or inadequateness in producing mood suitable to T P O, according to depending upon color changes in picking up stimulants, or other problems in selecting stimulants, according to time, seasons and generational parameter in which the inquiry is conducted, but it will serve as a stepping stone for developing new design using both qualitative and quantitative data in 려nctional table decoration.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2020

The perception of a fashion product may vary depending on the texture and color of its material. Additionally, the product may appear differently in person versus on a digital screen. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to investigate the differences in visual sensibility evaluation between materials in person and on digital screens. In this study, three pairs of visual sensibility adjectives were tested for 60 samples selected as fashion materials. Fashion materials were divided into colors, embossings, and visual clarity categories. Results showed that each color had the same sense during in-person and digital evaluation. In terms of visual sensibility according to embossing, both in-person and digital evaluations of materials with embossings were found to have the same visual sense, whereas those without embossings looked different between in-person and digital evaluations. Assessments based on visual classification showed that both in-person and digital evaluations had the same sensibility. This study is meaningful in suggesting that when evaluating the visual sense of fashion material, the sensation for the digital screen versus in person may be different in some cases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2021

This research studied the effect of visual improvement of "72 Hour Project" that has regenerated small scale derelict spaces in Seoul through citizen participation. 29 projects built form 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. The research analyzed landscape image preference of before and after status of projects using 12 pairs of landscape adjectives. Basic statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA were performed based on the survey results. Since the satisfaction level of the projects compared with the before-condition was 3.63 higher than 3.00, it could be concluded that there was an meaningful effect of visual improvement after completion of the projects. As the result of the factor analysis, landscape adjective pairs were categorized into two factors: harmony and aesthetics. Through the cluster analysis, four clusters were formed and characteristics of each cluster were identified. As the result of rhe cluster analysis, the cluster with the high harmony level and the aesthetics level showed the highest overall satisfaction level. Comparing each cluster, it could be concluded that the factor of harmony was more important than the factor of aesthetics in evaluating the satisfaction level of projects. Analyzing qualitative aspects of project groups, spatially well-balanced design with generous vegetation areas was more effective in landscape improvement than artistic design with visually strong installations. Further researches based on behavior studies of actual users are required to compensate the limits of this research. This research can contribute to establish the improved direction of policies to regenerate various types of small scale derelict spaces.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2016

Selecting appropriate materials can be significantly important to make different image in the product and also give distinguished express to the users. A material for the ceramic product surface consists of the combination between a glaze and a body, and each attribution of materials and the way of the combination creates different texture and color. This study analyzes the difference between visually and tactually sensibility of ceramic surface to through the simulating both visual and tactual stimulation by verbal evaluation method. Totally 13 adjectives are selected from homepage of local and global ceramic product brand. And totally 12 ceramic samples are created with the consideration of color, glossiness and roughness. These 12 samples are the combination between four ceramic bodies (White porcelain, Celadon_c, Sancheong and Black soil) and three glazes (Transparent, Celadon_g, Black glaze). The respondents of first survey were asked to rub, touch and hold before evaluating the sensibility of ceramic surface and other respondents of second survey were asked to evaluate visual images of 9 samples which showed meaningfully difference from first survey. The surface which scored the highest sensibility with the first survey was 'pure' on a surface of White porcelain body with Transparent glaze, and the lowest was also 'pure' on a surface of Black soil body with Transparent glaze. The highest score in the second survey was the same result as the first survey, but the lowest scored 'casual' and the surface was Black soil body with Celadon glaze. By the comparison with two survey results, not every sensibility is same result shown as the first survey and the second survey, but the tactile sensibilities such as 'artistic', 'luxurious', 'sensuous', 'romantic' and 'mysterious' can be experienced by via visual materials of ceramic surfaces.