• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2015

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are the most common pesticides which are recently used for indoor pest control. The widespread use of SPs has resulted in the increased exposure to wild animals and humans. Recently, some SPs are suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and have been assessed for their potential estrogenicity by adopting various analyzing assays. In this study, we examined the estrogenic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) and cypermethrin (CP), the most commonly used pesticides in Korea, using BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). To evaluate the estrogenic activities of two SPs, LC and CP, we employed MTT assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in LC or CP treated BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. In MTT assay, LC ($10^{-6}M$) and CP ($10^{-5}M$) significantly induced the growth of BG-1 cancer cells. LC or CP-induced cell growth was antagonized by addition of ICI 182,720 ($10^{-8}M$), an ER antagonist, suggesting that this effect appears to be mediated by an ER-dependent manner. Moreover, RT-PCR results showed that transcriptional level of cyclin D1, a cell cycle-regulating gene, was significantly up-regulated by LC and CP, while these effects were reversed by co-treatment of ICI 182,780. However, p21, a cyclin D-ckd-4 inhibitor gene, was not altered by LC or CP. Moreover, $ER{\alpha}$ expression was not significantly changed by LC and CP, while down-regulated by E2. Finally, in xenografted mouse model transplanted with human BG-1 ovarian cancer cells, E2 significantly increased the tumor volume compare to a negative control, but LC did not. Taken together, these results suggest that LC and CP may possess estrogenic potentials by stimulating the growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells via partially ER signaling pathway associated with cell cycle as did E2, but this estrogenic effect was not found in in vivo mouse model.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2019

본 연구는 하수종말처리장의 용존성 방류수 유기물질이 비스페놀 A (BPA)의 흡착과 에스트로겐 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 특이적 자외선 흡수 (SUVA)와 형광 지수 (FI) 분석 결과, 방류수 유기물질은 참조물질로 사용한 스와니강 자연 유기물질과는 달리 미생물 기원의 비휴믹성 유기물질 특성을 나타내었다. Langmuir와 Freundlich 모델 모두 방류수 및 자연 유기물질에 대한 BPA의 흡착을 잘 설명하였다. 방류수 유기물질은 자연 유기물질 보다 더 높은 BPA 흡착능을 보여주었고, 이에 따라 에스트로겐 활성 역시 더 많이 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과들은 유기물질의 기원에 따라 BPA 흡착능과 에스트로겐 활성 저감이 크게 영향을 받는 다는 것을 제시한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2016

Objectives: Although information on the toxicity of phthalate diesters is readily available, little is known about phthalate alternatives. The present article provides a summary of available information on the toxicity of phthalate diesters and their alternatives, with a special focus on estrogenicity and androgenicity. Methods: We collected a battery of in vitro and in vivo assay data from the literature to assess the estrogenicity/anti-estrogenicity and androgenicity/anti-androgenicity of 15 phthalate diesters and 21 phthalate alternatives. Results: A number of in vitro studies show that certain phthalate diesters can bind to estrogen receptors and have a weak estrogenic potential. However, this potential was not seen in in vivo studies. Phthalate diesters produced anti-androgenic effects in animals by reducing testosterone production. Among them, di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most potent. While almost all phthalate alternatives have a lower toxic potential than does DEHP, evidence of reproductive toxicity and estrogenic potential were found in several substances. Conclusion: Significant data gaps exist for phthalate alternatives regarding reproductive endocrine disruption, requiring further investigation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.905-911
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• 2001

Phytoestrogens, especially soy-derived isoflavones, are receiving great scrutiny as a food supplement for preventing hormone dependent diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and osteoporosis. These beneficial effects of phytoestrogens are caused by functioning as partial agonists or antagonists of estrogens. In contrast to the common usage of soy bean, Yak-kong(Rhynchosia Molubilis ; ) has been used as supplements of estrogen fir preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in Oriental medicine. To investigate estrogenic effects of Yak-kong and soy bean on the proliferation of MG-63 osteoblastic cells, each bean was extracted with 70% methanol and dried by freeze-drying. Yak-kong treatment of MG-63 cells resulted in an increase of cell proliferation to a maximum of 76% compared to 68% of soy bean treatment. Treatment of MG-63 cells with Yak-kong extract also resulted in an increase of transactivation of an ERE(estrogen response element)-luciferase reporter plasmid and IGF-I expression selectively. Despite increased effects of both bean treatments on the expression of estrogen receptor $\alpha$(ER$\alpha$) and $\beta$(ER$\beta$), soy bean treatment decreased transactivation of an ERE-luciferase reporter plasmid and did not further enhance IGF-I expression. Together, our data demonstrates that the greater estrogenic response of Yak-kong extract for MG-63 cell proliferation is mediated by ER derived transactivation of ERE and selective induction of IGF-I expression.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate potential endocrine disrupting effects of several industrial wastewater effluents discharged from cosmetic, plaiting, paint, textile industry using EROD bioassay and E-Screen assay. The results of E-screen assay showed that textile industrial wastewater could act as a full agonist and cosmetics and plaiting industrial wastewater could act as a partial agonist. On the contrary, the wastewater discharged from paint industry did not show any estrogenic effect. Estrogenic activity in the effluents of cosmetic and paint industrial wastewater was lower than that in the influents indicating that the wastewater treatment process minimized the effects of discharges on water quality. Despite of these results, it was recognized that wastewater treatment was not always minimize toxic impact. In this study, increased estrogenic effect was observed in the effluents of plating and textile wastewater, and EROD activity was increased in the effluents of cosmetic and plating wastewater.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.207-210
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• 2007

The study was designed to determine the estrogenic effect of some penicillins on endocrine function in adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Vitellogenin (Vtg) produced in male fish has been used for a biomarker to study endocrine disrupters. $17\beta-estradiol\;(E_2)$ was used a positive control that was induced Vtg in male fish. Result of total protein qantification and ELISA for female and male fish were exposed to $17\beta-estradiol$ 10ng/ml for $3\sim5$ days. As a result, male fish exposed to amoxicillin respectively appeared 0.75, 0.23, 8.21 and $9.36\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. Male fish exposed to ampicillin respectively appeared 1.85, 4.68, 0.85 and $39.59\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. This study is one of the first reports suggesting potential endocrine disruption of some penicillins in aquatic ecosystem. These results suggest that vitellogenin and estrogen receptor induction patterns alter in male medaka treated with selected estrogenic compounds, and that these results may be useful molecular biomarkers for screening estrogenic EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) in the shortest possible time.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

Although many studies have focused on the biological and toxicological effects of phenol products, in particular, in reproductive tracts, the data about their effects in this estrogenic responsive tissue are much less clear. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo data concerning ED-adverse impacts in other endocrine organs, i.e. pituitary gland, are not understood well either. Thus, a further study is needed for providing a new insight into possible impacts of estrogenic EDs including phenol products in humans and wildlife. A combination of in vitro and in vivo system for examining EDs may bring better understanding into the regulatory mechanisms underlying EDs-induced events. In addition, this information may support for developing optimal screening methods of estrogenic EDs, in particular, phenol products.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2006

Genistein is a potent, plant-derived isoflavone that displays estrogenic activity at low concentrations but inhibits proliferation at high amounts. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein is not completely understood. In the present study, the biphasic effects (estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity) of genistein on the growth of MCF-7 cells were identified. Genistein within a low range of concentration, $1-10\;{\mu}M$, stimulated proliferation, while $50-100\;{\mu}M$ caused apoptotic cell death. Additionally, genistein at a low concentration induced estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene expression and ER phosphorylation. When pre-treated with PD98059, an MEK inhibitor, ER-mediated gene expression and ER phosphorylation by genistein were noticeably increased. However, the increased gene expression and phosphorylation did not enhance cell proliferation. Moreover, it was observed that ER-mediated signaling performs an important role in the MAPK pathway. The proliferation and apoptosis in genistein-treated MCF-7 cells were partially dependent on the Bcl-2 level. The addition of IC1 182, 780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, inhibited Bcl-2 expression induced by genistein. This study suggests that there is a close relationship between Bcl-2 and the ER signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.209-212
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• 2007

내분비 교란 물질 중에서 최근에 문제가 되고 있는 물질이 프탈레이트계통 물질로서 플라스틱의 가소제로 사용하고 있는 DEHP와 DBP에 대하여 사람유방암세포 이면서 에스트로젠 의존성을 가지고 있는 MCF-7 세포에서의 세포 증식 정도를 농도 별로 측정하여 두 물질의 에스트로젠 작용가능성에 대하여 조사하였다. 시험물질인 DEHP와 DBP의 MCF-7 세포의 최대 증식 시의 농도를 조사해 본 결과, DEHP는 $17{\beta}-Estradiol$에 비하여 100배정도 높은 농도인 $10^{-7}M$ 에서 최대 증식능력을 보였고, DBP는 10배정도 높은 $10^{-8}M$ 에서 최대 증식능력을 보였다. 최대 증식 능력을 보일 때의 양성대조물질인 $17{\beta}-Estradiol$와 증식 정도 차이를 비교하였을 때에는 DEHP는 양성대조군 대비 87.5%의 증식 정도를 나타내었고, DBP는 73.4%의 증식 정도를 나타내었다 결론적으로 DEHP와 DBP 두 물질 모두 MCF-7 세포의 증식에 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되었으며, 최대 작용농도에 있어서는 DBP>DEHP, 세포 증식 정도에 있어서는 DEHP>DBP 인 것으로 판단되어 진다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.1430-1437
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 아이소플라본 함량이 서로 다른 한국산 4 품종(아가 8호, 우람, 다원콩 및 청자 3호)의 콩에 대하여 발아에 따른 아이소플라본 조성 및 에스트로겐 유사활성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 아이소플라본 조성은 발아에 따라 총아이소플라본, glycosides 계열, acetyl glycoside 계열 및 비배당체는 증가하였지만, malonyl glycosides 계열은 감소하였다. 품종에 따라 발아 전에는 아가 8호> 청자3호> 우람> 다원 순으로 총아이소플라본 함량이 높게 나타났고, 발아 후에는 다원 품종이 우람 품종에 비해 높게 나타났다. 에스트로겐 유사활성은 아이소플라본 함량이 높은 아가 8호 및 청자 3호가 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 발아 후 135.34 및 121.05%의 높은 세포 증식 효과를 보였다. 또한, 에스트로겐 유사활성이 높게 나타난 아가 8호 및 청자 3호의 발아콩 추출물은 에스트로겐과 병용 처리 시 낮은 세포생존률을 보여 항에스트로겐 유사활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과로부터 아이소플라본 함량이 높은 아가 8호 및 청자 3호에서 에스트로겐 유사활성이 높게 나타나 품종에 따른 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 아이소플라본 함량과 에스트로겐 유사활성간의 높은 상관관계를 확인하였다.