• Mycobiology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2009

Essential oils are mixtures of volatile, lipophilic compounds originating from plants. Some essential oils have useful biological activities including antimicrobial, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial, and insect-repelling activities. In this study, we tested the antimicrobial activity of essential oil prepared from the aromatic plant, Cymbopogon citrates, against three important plant pathogenic and medical microorganisms, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Aspergillus niger. It effectively inhibited the growth of the bacterium, Pectobacterium carotovorum, in a dose-dependent fashion, and 0.5% of the oil inhibited the growth of bacteria completely. Similarly, the essential oil inhibited the growth of plant pathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and the addition of 1% of essential oil completely inhibited the growth of fungus even after 5 days of culture. Finally, it effectively inhibited the growth of the medically and industrially important fungal species, Aspergillus spp. These results suggest that the essential oil from Cymbopogon citrates may be an environmentally safe alternative to inhibit antimicrobial agents for various uses.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2020

This study investigated the volatile flavor composition of essential oils from Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai with different harvesting area. The essential oils obtained by the hydrodistillation extraction method from the aerial parts of the plants were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-five (91.61%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Koheung, Jeolanamdo. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (29.22%), 7-hexyl eicosane (9.12%), spathulenol (7.701%), 3,8-dimethyl decane (6.48%), caryophyllene oxide (4.52%) and α-copaene (4.23%). Fifty-seven (97.43%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Seoguipo, Jejudo. The major compounds were 2-carene (40.95%), α-copaene (10.77%), α-muurolene (5.81%), and spathulenol (3.11%). The chemical composition of the essential oils was significantly different in quality and quantity with the different harvesting area. The quantitative variations of hexadecanoic acid, 7-hexyl eicosane, spathulenol, 3,8-dimethyl decane, caryophyllene oxide, 2-carene, and α-copaene according to different harvesting area can serve as a quality index of the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils in food industries.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.840-847
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• 2010

In this study, we identified the volatile compounds of Artemisia princeps Pampan. cv. ssajuari (ssajuarissuk) essential oils and analyzed changes in the contents of volatile compounds under four different storage conditions, such as exposure to air at $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. Sixty-five volatile compounds consisting of 6 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 23 oxygenated monoterpenes, 16 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 6 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 1 diterpene, 6 benzene derivatives, and 7 non-isoprenoid compounds were identified on the basis of their mass spectra characteristics and retention indices from original ssajuarissuk essential oils. Identified compounds constituted 90.56% of the total peak area. Borneol (10.29%) was the most abundant compound in the original ssajuarissuk essential oils, followed by 1,8-cineole (9.06%), viridiflorol (8.99%), spathulenol (8.73%), $\alpha$-thujone (5.28%), and camphor (4.39%). After six months storage at $40^{\circ}C$ with the cap opened for 3 min everyday, the total amount of volatile compounds in essential oil as determined by the percentage peak area decreased by 84.93%. The total levels of cis-sabinene hydrate, camphor, 4-terpineol, humulene oxide, $\beta$-caryophyllene oxide, and caryophyllene alcohol increased significantly. For ssajuarissuk essential oils stored under experimental conditions, changes in the contents of volatile compounds in essential oils were accelerated by temperature and contact with the atmosphere.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2009

The compositional changes of wormwood (Artemisia princeps var. orientalis) essential oils were studied under 4 different storage conditions i.e., being exposed to air at 20 and $40^{\circ}C$. Sixty-four volatile compounds consisting of 24 terpene hydrocarbons, 18 alcohols, 11 ketones, 6 esters, 1 aldehyde, 2 hydrocarbons, and 2 oxides were identified on the basis of their mass spectra characteristics and retention indices in original wormwood essential oils. Identified compounds constituted 80.53% of the total peak area. Borneol (12.13%) was the most abundant compound, followed by $\alpha$-thujone (8.66%), T-cadinol (6.67%), and 1,8-cineole (6.21%) in original wormwood essential oils. Under the condition of $40^{\circ}C$ of temperature with the cap being opened for 3 min everyday respectively during 6 months of storage, the total amount of functional groups in essential oil determined by peak area percent were decreased by 79.45%, at most. The total level of monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased markedly in the aerobic condition and high temperatures. Whereas the total level of esters increased significantly. Wormwood essential oils were stored in experimental conditions, with the changes in the volatile compounds of essential oils being accelerated by high temperatures and contact with the atmosphere.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

This study investigated the chemical composition of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils collected using different extraction methods. The essential oils obtained by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) methods from the aerial parts of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Ninety-nine volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil produced from Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai using the SDE method. These compounds were classified into eight categories in terms of chemical functionality: 26 hydrocarbons, 8 aldehydes, 36 alcohols, 7 ketones, 12 esters, 5 oxides and epixides, 4 acids, and a miscellaneous one. Spathulenol (15.66%) was the most abundant compound. Ninety-eight compounds including of 35 hydrocarbons, 6 aldehydes, 29 alcohols, 6 ketones, 10 esters, 4 oxides and epixides, 7 acids, and a miscellaneous one were identified in the essential oil from the plant using the HDE method. Hexadecanoic acid (24.74%) was the most abundant compound. The chemical composition of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils extracted by SDE and HDE methods are characterized by high content of sesquiterpene alcohols and acids, respectively. The extraction methods may be influenced in the chemical composition of natural plant essential oils.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1980

The Pharmacologic action of ethanol extracts and essential substance obtained from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa are studied. 1) Motility of the isolated rabbit-intestine was decreased in proportion to the concentration of essential substance. 2) Intestinal contraction induced by acetylcholine 10? 6g/ml was inhibited by the essential substance $10^{-5}g/ml$. 3) Contractile responses of the isolated rabbit-intestine by serotonin $10^{-5}g/ml$ and histamine $10^{-5}g/ml$ were depressed significantly with the essential substance $10^{-5}g/ml$. 4) Alpha adrenergic receptor blocking effect of dihydroergotamine was interfered significantly with the essential substance. 5) Analgesic effect in mice by acetic acid stimulating method was observed significantly with both of the ethanol extracts and essential substance. 6) Blood pressure and respiration of the rabbits were not significantly influenced with the essential substance.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2006

We analyzed the total yields and composition of essential oils in leaf extracts of Nepeta cataria by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-six compounds representing 97.0% of total oil were detected. The major constituents of essential oils in Nepeta cataria were nepetalactone (90.9%), unidentified compound (Retention time 17.35; 1.82%), 1,8-cineol (1.49%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (1.12%), and ${\beta}-pinene$ (1.078%). The volatile compounds in leaf extracts of N. cataria concentrated to nepetalactone ($88.83{\sim}93.33%$) remarkably. In the essential oil of N. cataria cis,trans-nepetalactone ($30.2{\sim}37.8%$) and cis,cis-nepetalactone ($31.5{\sim}37.0%$) were found as the main constituents. The effects of essential oil of N. cataria on the growth of six microorganisms (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were investigated. The essential oil of N. cataria had strong inhibitory effect on the growth of three fungal species (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and B. amyloliquefaciens). The essential oil from N. cataria was found to have a low antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, while no activity were found against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicate the significant antimicrobial effect, which may be depended on the yield of nepetalactone.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.623-632
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• 2006

To find potential targets of novel antimicrobial agents, we identified essential genes of Staphylococcus aureus N315 by using comparative genomics and allele replacement mutagenesis. By comparing the genome of S. aureus N315 with those of Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, a total of 481 candidate target genes with similar amino acid sequences with at least three other species by >40% sequence identity were selected. of 481 disrupted candidate genes, 122 genes were identified as essential genes for growth of S. aureus N315. Of these, 51 essential genes were those not identified in any bacterial species, and 24 genes encode proteins of unknown function. Seventeen genes were determined as non-essential although they were identified as essential genes in other strain of S. aureus and other species. We found no significant difference among essential genes between Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. aureus with regard to cellular function.

• Annals of dermatology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2018

Background: Citron is well known for an abundance of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, and limonoids. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of citron essential oils on rosacea mediators in activated keratinocytes in vitro. Methods: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with $1{\alpha}$, 25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ ($VD_3$) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) with LL-37 to induce rosacea mediators such as kallikrein 5 (KLK5), cathelicidin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). These mediators were analyzed by performing reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after NHEKs were treated with citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Results: The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of KLK5 and LL-37 induced by $VD_3$ were suppressed by citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and TRPV1 induced by IL-33 with LL-37 were also suppressed by citron essential oils. Conclusion: These results show that citron essential oils have suppressive effects on rosacea mediators in activated epidermal keratinocytes, which indicates that the citron essential oils may be valuable adjuvant therapeutic agents for rosacea.

• International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.216-221
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• 2018

Objective: In this study, we tried to investigate the antimicrobial activity of natural herbaceous plant-derived essential oils against oral disease-causing bacterial strains and establish the scientific evidences to apply them to the dentifrice, mouthwash, and other uses. Methods: We used the disk diffusion method with 23 types of 100% natural essential oils to verify the antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. After adhering to the surface of the plate culture medium, $20{\mu}l$ of the essential oil was prepared, and the diameter of the transparent ring was measured after incubation for 24 hours. All the experiments were repeated three times. Results: Among 23 types of oils, 13 were effective against all three strains: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalryptus. Seventeen oils were effective against S. mutans, and myrrh, basil, and carrot seed showed high antimicrobial activity. Eighteen oils were effective against P. gingivalis, and tea tree, carrot seed, and cinnamons showed high antimicrobial activity. Sixteen oils were effective against L. rhamnosus, and carrot seed and peppermint cinnamon showed high antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Consequently, 13 essential oils showed the antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains, which indicates these essential oils might be used as the effective materials to suppress the growth of oral-disease inducing microorganisms. Moreover, essential oils that have been analyzed activities in this study will be mixed up within the constant range and analyzed their antimicrobial effects to examine the synergistic activity among them.