• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2007

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a representative diagnostic tool in epilepsy. However, there are several points of debate on the role of EEG in diagnosis and management of epilepsy. We suggest that EEG has some limitations for differential diagnosis from nonepileptic episodic diseases, classification of epilepsy, prediction of recurrence, and evaluation of treatment response. Interictal EEG cannot diagnose or exclude epilepsy because interictal epileptic discharge (IED) is frequently absent in epilepsy and can appear in nonepileptic conditions. Although EEG is helpful in classification of epilepsy, focal spikes in generalized epilepsy and secondary bilateral synchrony in localization related epilepsy cause interrater disagreement. It is controversial whether EEG predicts recurrence after the first seizure in adults. The predictive value of EEG in antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal is not absolute. The prognosis after AED withdrawal depends on epilepsy syndrome. Many studies could not confirm the value of EEG in assessing the treatment response. After all, epilepsy is clinically diagnosed and assessed. Interictal EEG alone does not provide decisive information and routine follow-up of EEG is not recommended.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2001

The routine interictal electroencephalogram(EEG) continues to play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. The clinical investigation of brain disease in the last decade has been marked by dramatic advances in functional imaging, magnetic resonance scanning and digitized EEG. Epilepsy is a disorder of electrical hyperirritability of cerebral cortex and the interictal EEG remains the most convenient means available to demonstrate cortical hyperirritability. The sensitivity and specificity of the EEG in the diagnosis of epilepsy have been disputed. In this review, the type of EEG findings in epilepsy are reviewed and the sensitivity and specificity of interictal epileptiform discharge are discussed. And also the role of EEG in various clinical situations are summarized.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2007

The EEG plays an important diagnostic role in epilepsy and provides supporting evidence of a seizure disorder as well as assisting with classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. There are a variety of electroclinical syndromes that are really defined by the EEG such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, benign rolandic epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and also for localization purposes, it is vitally important especially for temporal lobe epilepsy. The sensitivity of first routine EEG in diagnosis of epilepsy has been known about 20-50%, but this proportion rises to 80-90% if sleep EEG and repetitive recording should be added. Convincing evidences suggest that the EEG may also provide useful prognostic information regarding seizure recurrence after a single unprovoked attack and following antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal. Moreover, patterns in the EEG make it possible to disclose an ictal feature of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, separate epileptic from other non-epileptic episodes and clarify the clues predictive of the cause of the encephalopathy (i.e., triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy). Therefore, regardless of its low sensitivity and other pitfalls, EEG should be considered not only in the situation of new onset episode such as a newly developed, unprovoked seizure or a condition manifesting decreased mentality from obscure origin, but also as a barometer of the long-term outcome following AED withdrawal.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.428-434
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• 2012

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease showing a symptom of repeated seizures without any other physical disorders. Among the diagnostic examination for epilepsy, the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been known as an important test. This study aimed to investigate the EEG with photic stimulation in the pediatric epilepsy patients. They underwent digital sleep and waking EEGs or waking EEGs with photic stimulation. Epilepsy type, seizure history, and season of occurring seizure were analyzed. Epilepsy patients showed more response during the period of photic-on and eye close at the frequency of 10~20 Hz during the EEG activation procedure. Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was shown in 206 patients out of total 1,551 epilepsy patients. PPR was appeared more frequently during summer and winter seasons, and especially in the patients who had a history of seizure. During the PPR, EEG pattern showed spike (77.18%), theta (9.71%), and spike + theta (13.11%). On the other hand, beta and theta waves were not significantly changed by photic stimulation. However, alpha wave was decreased and delta wave was increased by photic stimulation (P<0.05). These changes may be due to temporarily altered electrophysiological function of the epileptic patient's brain by the photic stimulation. There was no difference in the EEG pattern between the left and right side in the brain. In conclusion, condition of photic-on with closed eyes and frequency of 10~20 Hz during the procedure of EEG activation could be appropriate for obtaining a definite photoparoxysmal response in the electroencephalogram of the pediatric epilepsy patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of late-onset epilepsy combined with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the relationship between certain types of electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in ASD and associated neuropsychological problems. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with ASD in early childhood and later developed clinical seizures were reviewed retrospectively. First, the clinical characteristics, language and behavioral regression, and EEG findings of these late-onset epilepsy patients with ASD were investigated. The patients were then classified into 2 groups according to the severity of the EEG abnormalities in the background rhythm and paroxysmal discharges. In the severe group, EEG showed persistent asymmetry, slow and disorganized background rhythms, and continuous sharp and slow waves during slow sleep (CSWS). Results: Between the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in mean age (P=0.259), age of epilepsy diagnosis (P=0.237), associated family history (P=0.074), and positive abnormal magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings (P=0.084). The severe EEG group tended to have more neuropsychological problems (P=0.074). The severe group statistically showed more electrographic seizures in EEG (P=0.000). Rett syndrome was correlated with more severe EEG abnormalities (P=0.002). Although formal cognitive function tests were not performed, the parents reported an improvement in neuropsychological function on the follow up checkup according to a parent's questionnaire. Conclusion: Although some ASD patients with late-onset epilepsy showed severe EEG abnormalities, including CSWS, they generally showed an improvement in EEG and clinical symptoms in the longterm follow up. In addition, severe EEG abnormalities tended to be related to the neuropsychological function.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2007

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an indispensable tool for diagnosis of epilepsy and is the only assisting barometer of complete remission of epilepsy, which means prolonged, persistent suppression of cortical excitement in epileptic focus in addition to the clinical control of epileptic seizure. The specific morphologies or distribution of epileptic form discharges give us good information for the classification of seizure or epilepsy and epileptic syndromes, which consists of "Pros." in terms of diagnostic approach. In contrast, the EEG as a tool for long-term follow up might be limited due to the various clinical situation of each patient, which consists of "Cons." in terms of the usefulness of EEG for clinical decision. "Cons." aspect of EEG, which clinicians are more frequently coped with than those of "Pros", is an obstacle of utilization of follow up EEG in clinical practice. This is an overview about controversies in usefulness of EEG and the detailed aspects of "Pros." and "Cons." of EEG for clinical decision will be discussed following two articles. We tried to make consensus for the usefulness of EEG especially in the situation of "Cons." with plausible guideline.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalences of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition, we intended to identify demographic and clinical correlates of epilepsy in ASD. Methods : A total of 140 children and adolescents (age $7.3{\pm}4.8yrs$, 106 boys) with ASD underwent EEG from January 2010 to December 2013 at Asan Medical Center. Medical records were reviewed for demographic information, clinical characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses and comorbidities, EEG findings and neurological diagnoses. Results : The prevalences of EEG abnormalities and epilepsy in children and adolescents with ASD was 62.1% and 38.6%, respectively. In subjects with seizure-like movements, EEG abnormalities and epilepsy were more frequent than those without seizure-like movements (EEG abnormalities : 92.5% vs. 43.7%, p<.001 ; epilepsy : 90.6% vs. 5.7%, p<.001). ASD subjects who had epilepsy were older (p=.001), had lower full scale intelligence quotient (p<.001) and took more antipsychotics (p=.006) than those who did not. Conclusion : The prevalences of EEG abnormalities and epilepsy in our sample were similar to those from Western countries. Our results suggested a possible association of older age, lower intelligence quotient, and antipsychotics use with epilepsy in ASD. Conduct of further prospective study in a larger sample is needed.

• 센서학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2004

Epileptic seizures result from a temporary electrical disturbance of the brain. In this paper, a method of discriminating EEG for diagnoses of temporal lobe epilepsy is proposed. The proposed method for classification of epilepsy and sleep EEG is based on the wavelet transform and the fuzzy c-means. The magnitude and mean of wavelet coefficients for each EEG band are applied to the cluster of the FCM classifier. The proposed system show a little more accurate diagnosis for EEG by analysis of frequency for Wavelet and the success rate of 95% classification using FCM. From the simulation results by the implemented system, we demonstrated this research can be reduce doctor's labors and realize quantitative diagnosis of EEG.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.388-393
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• 2016

뇌전증의 개념은 간질발작이 지속적으로 발생하는 뇌변병으로 2005년에 정의 되었다. 2014년 국제항뇌전증연맹에서는 새로운 정의를 내렸으며, 10년 이내 재발 위험이 높다고 하였다. 뇌전증 발작재발의 중요한 위험인자로서 뇌파에서 IEDs의 존재는 발작 증상이 높게 나타날 수 있다는 것을 반영한다. 본 연구는 뇌전증 환자에서 뇌파검사 소견과 IEDs에 따른 발작재발의 상관관계를 분석하여 뇌전증 환자의 예후를 예측하기 위한 뇌파검사의 기초자료로 활용하고자 실시하였다. 연구결과, 뇌전증 질환의 남녀 차이는 없었으며, 연령의 분포 차이는 있었다. 상관관계 분석결과 연령에 따라 발작재발은 음의 상관관계였으며, IEDs에 따라 발작재발은 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한 통계적으로 연령은 발작재발에 10.9%의 영향을 나타내었고, IEDs는 발작재발에 15%의 설명력을 나타내었다. 따라서 뇌파검사는 임상에서 사용하는 뇌전증 진단에 매우 중요한 검사로 판단되며, 향후 보다 의미 있는 임상 자료가 되기 위하여 발병률에 따른 뇌파결과와 치료 중 뇌파결과와 발작재발 그리고 치료 후 발작재발 등을 지속적으로 연구해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.225-229
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• 2015

뇌전증은 반복적으로 발작이 발생하는 질환으로, 뇌파검사가 가장 객관적이고 유용한 검사이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 2014년 서울대학교 병원에서 뇌전증 확진판정을 받고 뇌파 검사를 받은 환자를 대상으로 연구목적에 동의한 244명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 뇌파 검사결과에 따라 성별과 연령에 상관없이 정상그룹 122명, 비정상그룹 122명을 대상으로 뇌파소견과 혈구산정검사와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 이번 연구에서 분석된 뇌파 측정결과와 혈구산정검사 결과와의 유의한 상관관계는 WBC, RBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte로 4항목이었다. WBC (p<0.05)와 neutrophil (p<0.01)은 양의 관계였으며, RBC (p<0.05)와 Lymphocyte (p<0.01)는 음의 관계로 나타났다. 이 논문의 한계점은 항뇌전증 치료제의 종류에 따른 혈구산정 검사결과를 분석하지 못한 것이다. 하지만 동일한 질환에 따른 뇌파결과를 중심으로 분석한 결과는 의미가 있다. 그러므로 이러한 부분은 향후 더욱 많은 데이터를 통계적으로 분석해야 할 필요성이 있다고 생각된다.