• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the discriminating nature of $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT in patients with parkinsonism. Methods: $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT images acquired from the 18 normal controls; NC ($60.4{\pm}10.0$ yr) and 237 patients with parkinsonism ($65.9{\pm}9.2$ yr) were analyzed. From spatialIy normalized images, regional counts of the caudate, putamen, and occipital lobe were obtained using region of interest method. Binding potential (BP) was calculated with the ratio of specific to nonspecific binding activity at equilibrium. Additionally, the BP ratio of putamen to caudate (PCR) and asymmetric Index (ASI) were measured. Results: BPs of NC $3.37{\pm}0.57,\; 3.10{\pm}0.41,\; 3.23{\pm}0.48$ for caudate, putamen, whole striatum, respectively) had no significant difference with those of essential tremor; ET ($3.31{\pm}0.64,\; 3.06{\pm}0.61,\; 3.14{\pm}0.63$) and Alzheimer's disease; AD (3.33 $\pm$0.60, 3.29$\pm$0.79, 3.31$\pm$0.70), but were higher than those of Parkinson's disease; PD (1.92$\pm$0.74, 1.39$\pm$0.68, 1.64$\pm$0.68), multiple system atrophy; MSA (2.36$\pm$1.07, 2.16$\pm$0.91, 2.26$\pm$0.96), and dementia with Lewy body; DLB (1.95$\pm$0.72, 1.64$\pm$0.65, 1.79$\pm$0.66)(p<0.005). PD had statisticalIy lower values of PER and higher values of ASI than those of NC (p<0.005). And PD had significantIy lower value of PCR, higher ASI and lower BP in the putamen and whole striatum than MSA (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dopamine transporter image of $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT was a good value in differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate in relation to characteristic of macroinvertebrates in conventional and organic paddy fields. The investigation was conducted five times a year for Suwon, Ansung, Boeun, Gunsan, Gimje, Hamyang, divide into conventional paddy fields and organic paddy fields from 2009 to 2011. The macroinvertebrates collected from the surveyed between conventional and organic paddy fields belonged to 84 species, 47 families, 16 orders, and 6 classes in 3 phyla. In the habitat orientied groups, climbers, swimmers and sprawlers were considerably occupied in conventional and organic paddy fields. In relation to the functional feeding groups, predators such as Odonata, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera were only the highest in paddy field ecosystem, regardless of cultivation method. As a result of community stability analysis, orgainc paddy fields has been identified much as species high resistance and resilience to environmental change in paddy field ecosystem. Species belonging to the I groups is considered to be important in organic paddy field such as Sternolophus rufipes, Hydrochara affinis, Helochares nipponicus, which has high mobility. In conclusion, it was found that the introduction of coleoptera as a food source was higher than that of conventional paddy fields in organic paddy field where primary consumers were abundant such as Chironomidae spp. and Dixidae sp..

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2005

As a unique payload of Komsat-2, MSC, comprising EOS(Electro-Optical Sub-system), PMU(Payload Management Unit) and PDTS(Payload Data Transmission Sub-system), is supposed to take pictures of one panchromatic and 4 multi-spectral image between wavelength 450mm~900mm, and is being under final Satellite I&T. It will perform the earth remote sensing with applications such as acquisition of high resolution images, surveillance of large scale disasters and its countermeasure, survey of natural resources, etc.. Under the hostile influence of the extreme space environmental conditions due to deep space and direct solar flux, the thermal design is especially of major importance in designing a payload. There are tight temperature range restrictions for electro-optical elements while on the other hand there are low power consumption requirements due to the limited energy source on the spacecraft. This paper describes details of thermal control system for MSC.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.268-280
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• 2011

Background: Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with infection risk of 2.5 billion people worldwide. However, approved vaccines are still not available. Here, we explored the immune responses induced by alternating prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus expressing E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DenV2). Methods: Following immunization with DNA vaccine (pDE), adenovirus (rAd-E), and/or vaccinia virus (VV-E) expressing E protein, E protein-specific IgG and its isotypes were determined by conventional ELISA. Intracellular CD154 and cytokine staining was used for enumerating CD4+ T cells specific for E protein. E protein-specific CD8+ T cell responses were evaluated by in vivo CTL killing activity and intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ staining. Results: Among three constructs, VV-E induced the most potent IgG responses, Th1-type cytokine production by stimulated CD4+ T cells, and the CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, when the three constructs were used for alternating prime-boost vaccination, the results revealed a different pattern of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. i) Priming with VV-E induced higher E-specific IgG level but it was decreased rapidly. ii) Strong CD8+ T cell responses specific for E protein were induced when VV-E was used for the priming step, and such CD8+ T cell responses were significantly boosted with pDE. iii) Priming with rAd-E induced stronger CD4+ T cell responses which subsequently boosted with pDE to a greater extent than VV-E and rAd-E. Conclusion: These results indicate that priming with live viral vector vaccines could induce different patterns of E protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses which were significantly enhanced by booster vaccination with the DNA vaccine. Therefore, our observation will provide valuable information for the establishment of optimal prime-boost vaccination against DenV.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.73-84
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• 2002

Fast and accurate new capacitance determination methodology for non-uniform complicated multi-layer VLSI interconnects is presented. Since a capacitance determination of intricate multi-layer interconnects using 3-dimensional field-solver is not practical, quasi-3-dimensional methodology is presented. Interconnects with discontinuity (i.e., bend structure and different spacing between lines, etc.) are partitioned. Then, each partial capacitance of divided parts is extracted by using 2-dimensional extraction methodology. For a multi-layer interconnects with shielding layer, the system can be simplified by investigating a distribution of charge in it. Thereby, quasi-3-dimensional capacitance for multi-layer interconnects can be determined by combining solid-ground based 2-dimensional capacitance and shielding effect which is independently determined with layout dimensions. This methodology for complicated multi-layer interconnects is more accurate and cost-efficient than conventional 3-dimensional methodology It is shown that the quasi-3-dimensional capacitance methodology has excellent agreement with 3-dimensional field- solver-based results within 5% error.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.218-227
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts from Vaccinium oldhamii on cell proliferation and the regulatory mechanisms of cyclin D1 protein level in human cancer cells. The branch extracts from Vaccinium oldhamii (VOB) showed higher inhibitor effect against the cell growth than leave extracts (VOL) and fruit extracts (VOF) in human colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer cells. In addition, VOB decreased cyclin D1 level at both protein and mRNA level. MG132 treatment attenuated VOB-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation. A point mutation of threonine-286 to alanine attenuated cyclin D1 degradation by VOB. In addition, the inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B (LMB) attenuated cyclin D1 degradation by VOB. But, the treatment of PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), LiCl ($GSK3{\beta}$ inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or BAY 11-7082 ($I{\kappa}K$ inhibitor) did not affect VOB-induced cyclin D1 degradation. In conclusion, VOB induced cyclin D1 degradation through redistribution of cyclin D1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm via T286 phosphorylation of cyclin D1, which resulted in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2007

Maek Kyoung(Mai Jing, 脈經) is the first chinese specialized book of diagnostics written by Wang Hee(Wang xi, 王熙) from Seo Jin(xi jin, 西晉). He assorted the contents with pulse and medical examination from Nae Kyoung(nei jing, 內經), Nan Kyoung(nan jing, 難經), Sang Han Ron(shang han lun, 傷寒論) and Jung Jang Kyoung(zhong cang jing, 中藏經). And united with his own research, he explains medical examination and the way of talking the pulse by classifying into entrance and class. Maek Kyoung(Mai Jing, 脈經) was imported Korea by Ji Chong(zhi cong, 知聰) AD 561, and he passed through Ko Ku Ryeo(gao gou li, 高句麗) with Nae Wei Jeon(nei wai dian, 內外典), Yak Seo(yao shu, 藥書), Myung Dang Do(ming tang tu, 明堂圖) and Maek Kyoung(Mai Jing, 脈經) to be naturalized in Japan. This treatise make a special study of the second volume of the Maek Kyoung. It consists of the four chapters: Pyoung Sam Kwan Eum Yang E Sip Sa Ki Maek Je II(平三關陰陽二十四氣脈第一), Pyoung In Young Sin Mun Ki Ku Jeon Hu Maek Je E(平人迎神門氣口前後脈第二), Pyoung Sam Kwan Byoung Hu Byoung Chi Eui Je Sam(平三關病侯幷治宜第三), and Pyoung Gi Kyoung Pal Maek Byoung Je Sa(平寄經八脈病第四). Bi Geup Choun Geum Yo Bang(備急千金要方) and Eui Hak Ip Mun(醫學入門) quoted from the contents in the second volume of Maek Kyoung, and Bin Ho Maek Hak(瀕湖脈學), Gi Kyoung Pal Maek Go(奇經八脈攷) and Maek Eo(脈語) extracted from contents in the second volume of the Maek Kyoung and requoted from this contents. Contents in the second volume of the Maek Kyoung have very valuable data like that, but the literature on this subject in the form of a treatise has not been yet in Korea. So I hope this study will be useful to develope Diagnostics by correcting translation and interpretation and fixing wrong translation.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2004

We have synthesized new aromatic polyesters (DiPEG-HQ and DiPEG-BP) by condensation polymerization of a terephthalic acid derivative bearing a pendant oligo(oxyethylene) (DP = 7, MW = 350), which has a methoxy terminal group, and two different aromatic diols, hydroquinone and 4,4'-biphenoI. The synthesized polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry for their liquid crystallinity (LC), thermal transitions, and structural morphologies in mesophases. The morphology of the LC phases depends strongly on the length of the rigid backbone repeating unit. The DiPEG-BP polymer having a longer repeating unit exhibits both layered and nematic structures before isotropization, whereas the DiPEG-HQ polymer having a shorter repeating unit shows only the layered structure in the mesophase. We found that the layer spacing for DiPEG-HQ is larger than that for DiPEG-BP. Both polymers easily form complexes with LiCF$_3$SO$_3$; we studied this complex formation by FT-IR spectroscopy. The layer spacing of the polymer-electrolyte composites increases upon increasing the amount of the lithium salt. The polymer/salt electrolyte mixtures we investigated at molar ratios of EO:salt in the range of 5-20 exhibit electrical conductivity values at 40$^{\circ}C$ of 2.4${\times}$10$\^$5/ and 1.1${\times}$10$\^$－5/ S/cm for DiPEG-HQ/LiCF$_3$SO$_3$ and DiPEG-BP/LiCF$_3$SO$_3$, respectively. At 80 $^{\circ}C$, these values are higher: 4.6${\times}$10$\^$－3/ and 1.1${\times}$10$\^$－4/ S/cm, respectively. The activation energy of conductivity depends strongly on the salt concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2005

More than ten years after the era of GPS-Photogrammetry which could provide us only three projection center of all six exterior orientation parameters, direct georeferencing with GPS/INS is now becoming a standard method for image orientation. Its main advantage is to skip or reduce the indirect ground control process. This paper describes the experimental test results of integrated sensor orientation with a commercial GPS/IMU system to approve its performance in determination of exterior orientation. For this purpose two different imaging blocks were planned and the area was photographed at a large photo scale of 1:5,000 and a medium photo scale of 1:20,000. From these data set a variety of meaningful results was acquired, i.e., the accuracy. potential of exterior orientation from direct georeferencing and combined block adjustment using these data considering different photo scales and conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2017

27-Hydroxycholesterol induces differentiation of monocytic cells into mature dendritic cells, mDCs. In the current study we sought to determine roles of the PI3K and the ERK pathways in the 27OHChol-induced differentiation. Up-regulation of mDC-specific markers like CD80, CD83 and CD88 induced by stimulation with 27OHChol was significantly reduced in the presence of LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, and U0126, an inhibitor of ERK. Surface expression of MHC class I and II molecules elevated by 27OHChol was decreased to basal levels in the presence of the inhibitors. Treatment with LY294002 or U0126 resulted in recovery of endocytic activity which was reduced by 27OHChol. CD197 expression and cell adherence enhanced by 27OHChol were attenuated in the presence of the inhibitors. Transcription and surface expression of CD molecules involved in atherosclerosis such as CD105, CD137 and CD166 were also significantly decreased by treatment with LY294002 and U0126. These results mean that the PI3K and the ERK signaling pathways are necessary for differentiation of monocytic cells into mDCs and involved in over-expression of atherosclerosis-associated molecules in response to 27OHChol.