• Title/Summary/Keyword: Environmental issue

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Characteristics and Socio-Demographic Distribution of Precarious Employment Among Korean Wage Workers: A Proposition of Multidimensional Approach Using a Summative Score

  • Seong-Uk Baek;Min-Seok Kim;Myeong-Hun Lim;Taeyeon Kim;Jin-Ha Yoon;Jong-Uk Won
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.476-482
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    • 2023
  • Introduction: There is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. Methods: To operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results: We analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p < 0.001), as well as for young or older workers compared to middle-aged workers (young: -4; middle-aged: -2; older: -5; p < 0.001). Similarly, workers with lower educational levels (middle school or below: -8; high school: -5; college or above: -2; p < 0.001) and non-white collar workers (blue collar: -5; service/sales worker: -6; white collar: -2; p < 0.001) experienced higher levels of employment precariousness. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that certain vulnerable groups, such as women, young or older adults, workers with low educational attainment, and caregiving or low-skilled elementary workers, are disproportionately exposed to high employment precariousness. Active policy interventions are needed to improve the employment quality of vulnerable groups.

Infiltration Rates of Liquid Pig Manure with Various Dilution Ratios in Three Different Soil (돈분액비 토양침투율과 토양내 분포 특성)

  • Shim, Ho-Young;Lee, Kyo-Suk;Lee, Dong-Sung;Jeon, Dae-Sung;Park, Mi-Suk;Shin, Ji-Su;Lee, Yun-Koung;Goo, Ji-Won;Kim, Soo-Bin;Song, Seong-Geun;Chung, Doug-Young
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.164-168
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    • 2014
  • BACKGROUND: Increase in application of liquid pig manure(LPM) in agriculture as nutritional source has become a social issue due to its influence on water quality. Also, proper application methods have not been developed with respect to indigenous properties of LPM and soil physical properties. Therefore, we conducted this experiment to observe the infiltration characteristics and distribution of dissolved organic compounds of LPM in soils having different soil textures. METHODS AND RESULTS: To do this experiment, we collected three different soils and LPM. We analyzed the physical and chemical properties of both soils and LPM to determine the dilution ratios of LPM. The LPM diluted to 4 different ratios with distilled water was applied to the top of soil column. Infiltration rates were observed by time and depth until the amount of effluent collected from the bottom of the soil columns were stabilized while maintaining the hydraulic head 3 cm above the soil column. The results showed that infiltration rates increased with increasing dilution ratios in the order of sandy, loamy sand, and sandy loam. The time required to reach steady state was increased with decreasing sand contents clay. CONCLUSION: The size and amount of the dissolved organic compounds in LPM that can determine the efficiency as fertilizer and environmental problems as nonpoint pollution source in water quality have not been investigated with respect to behavior and transport of them in soil. Therefore, it requires further research how we can properly apply LPM as valuable fertilizer substitute for inorganic fertilizers.

A Plan to Strengthen the Role of Citizens as Co-Creators of Smart City Services - Focused on the Development of Function Issue Card Technology - (스마트도시서비스 공동창의자로서의 시민 역할 강화 방안 - 기능카드 기법 개발을 중심으로 -)

  • JI, Sang-Tae;PARK, Jun-Ho;PARK, Joung-Woo;NAM, Kwang-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2021
  • Lately, the Korean Government has gradually expanded participation by local residents who are users of the area in the smart city project for the construction of region specialization smart city service (hereinafter called "Smart Service") and the enhancement in the citizen's awareness. However, due to the lack of information on smart service-related technology, there has been a limitation in getting the specific opinion of citizens in the process of designing the Smart Service. In this study, reports made by 4 four local governments which were selected for implementation of 2019 "Smart Town Challenge Projects" were reviewed to diagnose the actualization level of the smart service suggested by citizens through the living lab. The analysis results show that though the smart service plan was established by using diverse design thinking methodology through the living lab, there was a limitation in having citizens design the specific functions of the smart service. So, this study suggests the function issue card technique which can be used by modulating and freely combining four elements such as information collection, processing, supplying method and technique of the smart service and the service contents. This function issue card technique was directly applied to the living lab of the smart city project to verify its effectiveness. It was found that through this technique, citizens can combine the functions and contents of the smart service to materialize smart services at the level of detailed functions. The function issue card technique suggested in this study is expected to contribute to the actualization of opinions for the role of citizens as co-creators in solving local problems in the citizen participation type smart city plan in the future, thus helping the design of the regional specialization smart service.

Prediction and Causality Examination of the Environment Service Industry and Distribution Service Industry (환경서비스업과 물류서비스업의 예측 및 인과성 검정)

  • Sun, Il-Suck;Lee, Choong-Hyo
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2014
  • Purpose - The world now recognizes environmental disruption as a serious issue when regarding growth-oriented strategies; therefore, environmental preservation issues become pertinent. Consequently, green distribution is continuously emphasized. However, studying the prediction and association of distribution and the environment is insufficient. Most existing studies about green distribution are about its necessity, detailed operation methods, and political suggestions; it is necessary to study the distribution service industry and environmental service industry together, for green distribution. Research design, data, and methodology - ARIMA (auto-regressive moving average model) was used to predict the environmental service and distribution service industries, and the Granger Causality Test based on VAR (vector auto regressive) was used to analyze the causal relationship. This study used 48 quarters of time-series data, from the 4th quarter in 2001 to the 3rd quarter in 2013, about each business type's production index, and used an unchangeable index. The production index about the business type is classified into the current index and the unchangeable index. The unchangeable index divides the current index into deflators to remove fluctuation. Therefore, it is easy to analyze the actual production index. This study used the unchangeable index. Results - The production index of the distribution service industry and the production index of the environmental service industry consider the autocorrelation coefficient and partial autocorrelation coefficient; therefore, ARIMA(0,0,2)(0,1,1)4 and ARIMA(3,1,0)(0,1,1)4 were established as final prediction models, resulting in the gradual improvement in every production index of both types of business. Regarding the distribution service industry's production index, it is predicted that the 4th quarter in 2014 is 114.35, and the 4th quarter in 2015 is 123.48. Moreover, regarding the environmental service industry's production index, it is predicted that the 4th quarter in 2014 is 110.95, and the 4th quarter in 2015 is 111.67. In a causal relationship analysis, the environmental service industry impacts the distribution service industry, but the distribution service industry does not impact the environmental service industry. Conclusions - This study predicted the distribution service industry and environmental service industry with the ARIMA model, and examined the causal relationship between them through the Granger causality test based on the VAR Model. Prediction reveals the seasonality and gradual increase in the two industries. Moreover, the environmental service industry impacts the distribution service industry, but the distribution service industry does not impact the environmental service industry. This study contributed academically by offering base line data needed in the establishment of a future style of management and policy directions for the two industries through the prediction of the distribution service industry and the environmental service industry, and tested a causal relationship between them, which is insufficient in existing studies. The limitations of this study are that deeper considerations of advanced studies are deficient, and the effect of causality between the two types of industries on the actual industry was not established.

Numerical Analysis of Phase Behavior and Flow Properties in an Injection Tubing during Gas Phase CO2 Injection : Application of Demonstration-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Project in the Pohang Basin, Korea (기체상태의 CO2 주입시 주입관내 상변화 및 유동 특성의 수치해석적 연구 : 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 사업에 적용)

  • Jung, Woodong;Sung, Wonmo;Han, Jeong-Min;Song, Youngsoo;Wang, Jihoon
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.10-18
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    • 2021
  • CO2 storage technology in an aquifer is one of the most effective way to decrease global warming due to a high storage capacity and economics. A demonstration-scale offshore CO2 storage project was performed in a geological deep aquifer in the Pohang Basin, Korea for a technological development of large-scale CO2 storage. A challenging issue in the early design stage of the project was to establish the proper injectivity during CO2 injection. To solve this issue, injection conditions were calculated by calculating injection rate, pressure, temperature, CO2 phase change, and thermodynamic properties. For this study, we simulated and numerically analyzed CO2 phase change from gas to supercritical phase and flow behavior in transport piping and injection tubing using OLGA program. Our results provide the injectivity conditions of CO2 injection system combined with a bottomhole pressure of an aquifer.

Population Size Estimates for the Use of Humidifier Disinfectants and Experience of Health Effects from Exposure to Humidifier Disinfectants (가습기 살균제 노출 및 건강피해 규모 평가 연구)

  • Lee, Kyoung-Mu;Paek, Domyung;Cheong, Hae-Kwan;Kim, Solwhee;Seo, Jung-Wook;Hong, Young-seob;Kim, Hyeongsu;Lee, Jongwha;Leem, Jonghan;Kim, Pangyi
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.45 no.3
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    • pp.273-284
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    • 2019
  • Objective: This study was performed to estimate the number of those who used humidifier disinfectants (HDs) and experienced health effects from exposure to HDs in Korea between 1994 and 2011. Methods: A nationwide interview survey was conducted for the representative sample to identify the proportion of those who used HDs among the general population (n=3,001). Another online survey was conducted for those exposed to HDs to find the proportion of those who experienced health effects among those who were exposed to HDs (n=3,993). Statistics for population size by region and year (1994-2011) were used to estimate the cumulative number of those exposed to HDs and those who experienced health effects. In terms of the proportion of those exposed to HDs, those less than 30 years of age were excluded due to an issue related to information bias. Various approaches for estimation included the capture-recapture method for estimation of those who experienced health effects. Results: The cumulative proportion of those exposed to HDs was 6.7% among the general population, and the proportion of those who experienced health effects among those who were exposed to HDs was 13.9%. Based on these factors, it was estimated that 3.5 to 4.0 million people were exposed to HDs and 350 to 400 thousand experienced health effects at least requiring visiting a hospital. Conclusion: It is suggested that a nationwide representative sample may be essential for population size estimation of those exposed to environmental risk factors and of those who experienced health effects.

Applying Lean, Green, and Six-Sigma Framework to Improve Exterior Construction Process in Saudi Arabia

  • Banawi, Abdul-Aziz;Bilec, Melissa
    • Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.12-22
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    • 2014
  • Over the last decade, Saudi Arabia has experienced significant economic increases as evidenced by the 30% growth in its gross domestic product; furthermore, the construction industry has increased 10% in the same time period. Due to this significant growth, the construction industry is encountering issues related to construction quality resulting in significant waste and associated environmental impacts. In this research, we applied our previously developed framework that integrates three different methods-Lean, Green, and Six-sigma - to a residential construction complex in Saudi Arabia. Our aim of this case study was to explore the application of the framework in practice to glean quantitative results and further validate the framework. In the case study, we used the developed framework to identify a significant issue related to quality and delays - final completion of 53 residential units was delayed because of failed exterior buildings surfaces. We then used the framework to define the causes behind the defects via a field investigation of the 53 units. Of the defect, construction execution was responsible for 43% of the defect, 31% untrained workers, 19% unfavorable construction weather condition, with 7% accounting for other issues. A procedure was developed in concert with the construction manager and overall developer reducing the amount of rework and waste causes revealed by the field examination and the framework. Although two steps were added to the original construction process to overcome waste causes, still save a lot of resources and reduces environmental impact. In summary, we found that the Lean, Green, Six-sigma framework increased productivity, quality, and reduced waste.

Establishing the Methodology of Economic Analysis to Take into Account Opportunistic Valuation for a Radio Communication & Train Control System (철도무선신호제어시스템 실용화의 기회가치성을 고려한 경제성분석 체계 정립 -일반 및 고속철도용 무선 및 제어시스템 실용화 사례를 중심으로-)

  • Cho, Shin-hyung;Seo, Young-hyun;Kho, Seung-young;Rhee, Sung-mo
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.373-379
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    • 2016
  • Development of a train wireless signal control system using LTE-R technology is expected to have a great ripple effect to the existing signal control market. To make inroads into the international market, it is an urgent issue to practicalize the train wireless signal control system. Because it will require a huge budget to commercialize the wireless signal control system, it is necessary to analyze the feasibility beforehand, with a consideration of the domestic and foreign marketability and the impact on related industries. This study investigated the effect of the practicalization of train control system on future railway and national industrial sectors. We suggested the establishment of a framework for economic feasibility analysis, one that can provide criteria for opportunistic valuation. We also verified this framework through case analysis.

Issue Analysis on 'Trade Secret Claim' in 「Chemicals Control Act」 and 「Amendment on Occupational Safety and Health Act(1917-227)」 (「화학물질관리법」과 「산업안전보건법」의 영업비밀 사전 허가 제도 도입과 관련한 쟁점 분석)

  • Kim, Shinbum;Lee, Yun Keun;Choi, Youngeun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.433-445
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    • 2015
  • Objectives: The major objectives of this study are to review the issues surrounding trade secret claims in the Chemicals Control Act and Amendment on Occupational Safety and Health Act(1917-227) and to propose a way of improving the reliability of chemical information in MSDSs, labels and National Chemical Survey results. Materials: To review the issues on trade secret claims, we made an analysis frame which was divided into three steps: Value and Problem Recognition; New Regulation Design; and Enforcement and Amendment. We then compared Korean issues with issues from the United States' Hazard Communication Standard and Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act, Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System and Hazardous Materials Information Review Act and the European Union's Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and Mixtures. Results: The stage of right-to-know development in Korea has passed the Value and Problem Recognition phase, so efforts are needed to elaborately design new regulation. Conclusions: We recommend two ways to improve right-to-know in Korea. First, strict examination of the quality of documents for trade secret claims is very important. Second, trade secrets should be limited to less-hazardous substances.

A study of Improvement for Residential Environment according to Segementation of Residential Zoning (주거지역 종세분화에 따른 주거환경 개선에 관한 연구 - 바람길을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Dae-Wuk;Jung, Eung-Ho;Ryu, Ji-Won;Cha, Jae-Gyu;Lee, Jun-Young
    • Journal of the Korean housing association
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.101-109
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    • 2010
  • Various environmental problems due to rapid industrialization and urbanization have worsened to such an extent that they threaten the environmental restitution of the globe and become a critical international issue. Korean government has presented the concept of green growth as a new state vision for the next 60 years and is making efforts to solve these environmental problems. Daegu Metropolitan City has faced various environmental problems including overpopulation of the city, traffic pollution, household waste accumulation and the green zone problem because of the increase of urbanization over the last few decades. As such urbanization continues, the quality of residential environments is rapidly deteriorating and the intensive use of the land leads to an increase of building area, raising the temperatures of cities. There have therefore been demands for healthy, pleasant and satisfying residential environments and for the improvement of existing residential environments, and this demand has been fully recognized by society. Nevertheless, current residential complex developments concentrate only on raising the efficiency of land use. In related laws of the past (Daegu Metropolitan City, Urban Planning Municipal Ordinance as of October 10, 2003) an attempt was made to impose a standard to segmentalize the building-to-land ratio, floor area ratio and regulations of number of floors vertically. However, these laws have now been abolished and the regulations are being eased. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the floating wind before and after the vertical segmentation of residential areas (Daegu Metropolitan City, Urban Planning Municipal Ordinance as of October 10, 2003) by using KLAM_21, a model that enables analysis and prediction of the flow and generation of cold wind. The purpose is also to present a plan to improve the quality of residential areas when developing a building lot and redeveloping housing areas.