• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2016

The distribution of fish (Cobitidae and Cyprinidae) and amphibians together with related environmental factors were surveyed at 30 randomly selected rice-fields (15 flooded unmanaged rice fields (FUR) and 15 unflooded managed rice fields (UMR)) near the Yedang reservoir in Korea, eight times from May to August in 2012. The total number of species captured from the entire survey area was 13 species with 8 families of fish and 5 species of amphibians. The number of species of Cyprinidae fish captured in FUR was higher than that in UMR. Upon the comparative analysis on the distribution of fish and amphibians in FUR and UMR, it was found that the number of Cyprinidae fish captured in FUR was significantly higher than that in UMR while the number of Cobitidae fish captured in UMR was higher than that in FUR. According to the analysis on the environmental factors that affect the distribution of fish, Cyprinidae fish tend to appear in rice-fields, that were flooded in winter, near the Yedang reservoir while Cobitidae fish tend to appear in rice fields that draws its water supply from forest reservoir and have a good water drainage system. In case of amphibians, the number of tadpoles captured in UMR was higher than that in FUR. Rana catesbeiana was dominant in FUR and Rana nigromaculata was dominant in UMR. Upon the analysis on the environmental factors that affect the distribution of tadpoles, it was found that Rana catesbeiana tadpoles tend to appear in rice fields, that were flooded in winter, near Yedang reservoir while Rana nigromaculata tadpoles tend to appear near mountains and far from the Yedang reservoir.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2013

The optimization of analytical method for the thermal desorption of seven VOCs (volatile organic compounds) by TD-GC/MS (thermal desorption-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer) with solid phase sorbent tube, and comparative analysis for the determination of VOCs plotted by standard sorbent tubes prepared using both gas phase and liquid phase materials were investigated. The result of paired t-test showed that a liquid phase standard sorbent tube method was in agreement with a gas phase standard sorbent tube method for six species of VOCs including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene except for styrene at the significance level (${\alpha}=0.01$), while the 15.6% of difference in response factor between both of gas phase and liquid phase standard plotting for the determination of styrene showed that both methods were significantly different at the significance level. Therefore, the liquid phase standard plotting method was employed to reduce erroneous data for the determination of styrene including BTEX. Under the optimized analytical method by liquid phase standard sorbent tube, recovery was between $100{\pm}5%$ for 7 species of VOCs, reproducibility ranged from 0.3 to 7.7%, and method detection limit (MDL) ranged from $0.01{\mu}g/m^3$ for o-xylene to $0.27{\mu}g/m^3$ for toluene. The optimized standard method was applied to determine VOCs VOCs from indoor air of of dormitory, one bedroom apartment, and a new car.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.281-290
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: As the demand for strawberries increases, people are paying attention to food safety in strawberry, especially pesticide residues. To remove the pesticides from strawberry, various washing and processing technique in households are additionally required. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strawberries were washed with water, detergent, alcohol, and ultrasonication and processed to strawberry jam. The mean reduction efficiency according to the washing solvent and method was found to be higher in the order of detergent (42.5%) > alcohol (41.7%) > water (41.3%) > ultrasoniation with alcohol (40.2%) > ultrasoniation with water (38.6%) > ultrasoniation with detergent (36.9%), but there was no significant difference among the treatments. The residue levels of pesticides during processing to jam decreased by 11.9-94.4% for etoxazole, fluopyram, procymidone, spiromesifen, and prochloraz, while the other pesticides were concentrated by boiling, or rather increased by 11.8-40.2%. However, when the residue levels were converted to residual amounts in consideration of the change in weight after processing, the residual amounts of the tested pesticides were reduced by 59.8-98.4% during processing. The processing factor (PF) were different for each pesticide, but PFs were < 1 for all washing solvents and methods, and 0.06-1.40 when processed into jam. CONCLUSION: To ensure the consumption of pesticide-free strawberry, the most efficient washing method is to immerse the strawberry in fresh water for few minutes, followed by rinsing them under running water.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.335-350
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• 2004

Design takes concrete form from the things which are not yet exist to the molded reality. Creation of value which is accompanied by the rational value could be possible only through the searching examination of the basic concept. All designs are under circumstances because the results and the character of the problems are different under the given conditions and circumstances which are the characteristic of the design. The aim of this study is searching for the differential design conce- pt which is the most appropriate and reasonable in the basic design process in which the phase of the analysis, synthesis and evaluation of the problem. First of all the pursuit value of the times and the change of the view point of value of the product design. How the pursuit value of times were searched and analyzed. Analyze the successful product design realization of the typical trend of the modern design which are 3-2. function-focused design, 3-3. emotion-centered design, 3-4. image communicative design through the metaphor, 3-5. environmental affinity design. On the base of the case analysis how to apply the differential design concept which is coming as a trend in the future society which are sustainable developing society was examined closely. The outcome through the analysis of the success cases are as follows, \circled1 the value of the spirit of the times should be emphasized as the design image, \circled2 environmental appropriateness should be taken into consideration as the first primary factor, \circled3 the realization of value of the fulfillment of differential consumer's needs, \circled4 lead to prolong the life cycle of the product, \circled5 promote the sustaining growth of enterprise, \circled6 user-centered product value should be the first consideration. \circled7 It is necessary to overcome the cultural andinguistic barriers and to reflect the metaphor which people remember well. \circled8 The application of human's true character should be decided beforehand. It is the commonness of values of times and customs. \circled9 The differentiated design concept which meets our mental satisfaction, not material one, will be required. In addition to this the creative and differentiated design concepts which are accompanied by the good design factor under the base of product could achieve the emotional consensus from the consumers. That is, the value of all designs should be estimated by the base of the humanism ' The human beings are the barometer of all things".ngs".uot;.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.187-203
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• 2009

This study monitored marine environments in system coastal waters of the South Sea of Korea during the period of 2005-2007 and analyzed the data from environmental parameters and nutrients, which contributed to fluctuate marine environmental characteristics in aquaculture. On the basis of the fluctuation of temperature depending on seasons and sampling sites, too seasons of winter and summer showed a remarkable temperature gap of $5^{\circ}C$ compared with spring and autumn. Salinity in spring and summer approached 9 psu in Morkpo. Most of sampling sites showed COD below 2mg/L, indicating somewhat optimal environmental conditions. T-N and T-P also had desirable horizontal distributions all year round the concentration of SS was higher, but Chi. a was well-distributed horizontally except for Morkpo. Marone environmental parameters of surface water were similar to those of bottome water except for Morkpo. Most of sampling sites showed the ratio of N/P below 16, impling that nitrogen played an important role in growth of phytoplankton as a limiting factor. The relationship between Chi. a and nutrients was positive linear, whereas the relationship between Chi. a and COD were very strong positive. winder, Spring and Summer showed the strong relationship between Chi. a and COD. In the analysis of dendogram based on environmental parameters using SPSS ver. 10.0, the station 7 did not belong to other stations, and kept an independent place. The relationships of waters between Jindo, Wando and Heanam ware close, compared with other waters. Consequently, these regions except for Morkpo into which fresh water is introduced by the dike showed somewhat optimal environmental parameters and nutrients in year, and were assumed to maintain the desirable marine conditions for aquaculture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 2000

Field survey on the spatio-temporal distribution of water quality and chlorophyll a concentration, and the environmental factors on the variation of phytoplankton biomass were carried out at the 23 stations for four seasons in the Shiahae, southwestern coast of Korean Peninsula from February to October in 1995. I made an analysis on biological factor as chlorophyll a concentration as well as environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity and nutrients; ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, N/P ratio, silicate and Si/P ratio. The waters in the Shiahae were not stratified due to the tidal mixing and high velocity of tidal current. And the high productivity in photic layer were supported by high nutrients concentration from freshwater on lands and bottom waters The low depth of transparency in the Shiahae had a bad influence upon primary production and marine biology. In Shiahae had a sufficient nutrients for primary production during a year. Especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen and silicate were high, the other side, phosphate was low. The source of nutrients in summer and silicate supply depend on input of freshwater from lands, the other side, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were depend on rather supplied from bottom layer by the mixing and input of seawater from outside than input of freshwater from lands. Phosphate seemed to become a limiting nutrient for the primary production at all area of Shiahae in winter and at the northern parts in other seasons. However, dissolved inorganic nitrogen seemed to do it at the southern parts in other seasons except winter. Silicate didn't become a limiting nutrient for diatoms in Shiahae. Phytoplankton biomass as measured by chlorophyll a concentration was very high all the year round, it was controlled by the combination of the several environmental factors, especially of nitrogen, phosphorus and the physical factors such as light intensity. [Spatio-temporal distribution, Seasonal fluctuation, Nnutrients, Chlorophyll a, Environmental factors, Nutrient source, Limiting Nutrient, Light, Shiahae] .

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.578-592
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• 2015

To investigate characteristics and seasonal variations of carbonaceous species for $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea, we measured organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) from January 2014 to December 2014 using a semi-continuous OC/EC Analyzer (Model-4, Sunset Lab.). Mean concentrations of OC and EC were estimated $4.1{\pm}2.7{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.6{\pm}1.0{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The annual averaged OC/EC ratio was $2.9{\pm}2.7$. Concentrations of OC and EC comprised 13% and 5% of $PM_{2.5}$ and the mass fraction of both was the highest in fall. OC and EC showed similar trend in seasonal variations. Concentrations of those showed a clear seasonal variation with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The correlations between the two were the best during the winter ($r^2=0.88$). As results of carbonaceous species analysis, the dominant factor in view of fine particle ($PM_{2.5}$) is primary emission source such as mobile, fossil fuel combustion during commute time(08:00~10:00 or 17:00~21:00) and winter season. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbonaceous species is essential to provide the science-based data to policy-maker establishing the air quality improvement policy.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.149-163
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present a plan to activate the production and consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products through an analysis on the understanding degree, the level and inclination of consumption, the satisfaction degree of consumption, and the comprehension degree of production and circulation process of the environmently friendly agricultural products. 1 reviewed the literature and did survey In this study. The results are as follows : (1) As a result of an analysis on the understanding degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is shown to get 6.37 points out of 10 and also, there is a difference between age, educational background, and income level. (2) In the case of research on the method to distinguish the environmently friendly agricultural products from others, it is proved that consumers have a strong faith on quality guarantee marks and there is a difference between gender, income level, and consumption period. (3) It is also shown that consumers purchase environmently friendly agricultural products for the family member's health in the survey on the motivation for purchasing them. And also, there is a difference between men and women. (4) The result of the survey on the consumption scale of the environmently friendly agricultural products shows that 94 people(60.3％) spend more than 50％ of their gloss foodstuffs cost purchasing them and 20 people(12.8％) spend 30-50％. (5) In the survey on the amount and the frequency of the purchasing items of the envirounently friendly agricultural products, respondents count livestock products mostly in amount while point out main cereals and a kinds of soy and pastes in frequency. (6) Consumers ask that the price of environmently friendly agricultural products is a little expensive or reasonable and there is no differences between individual groups. (7) In the case of the purchase of foreign environmently friendly agricultural products, there are more people who want to purchase domestic ones than those who want foreign ones. Therefore, it is shown that environmently friendly agricultural products have a counterpower after the market-open to import. (8) As a result of the analysis on the quality of environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that they have better quality than general agricultural products and also, it is found out that women feel larger differences than men in quality. (9) In the analysis on the satisfaction degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that respondents trust the safety and nutrition of them whereas they are not satisfied with the external shape of them. (10) It is analyzed that tile conversion of consumer's consciousness is the most critical factor for development of environmently friendly agriculture. (11) The factors to activate the consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products are proved in order of the enlargement of direct transaction, the conversion of consumer's consciousness, the easiness of purchase, activating consumers'unions, and publicity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.377-393
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• 2016

Vehicle emissions have been known as a critical factor to give a negative impact on the public health. In particular, particulate matters(PM) and NOx are highly related with respiratory diseases such as asthma. This study aimed at analyzing spatio-temporal patterns of PM and NOx generated from urban freeway traffic. MOVES, which is a well-known emission analysis tool presented by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), was applied to estimate PM and NOx based on traffic volume and speed data obtained from Seoul Outer Ring Expressway during January~June, 2012. K-means clustering analysis was used for categorizing the Level of Vehicle Emissions(LOVE) to support more systematical identification of the significance of emissions. Then, spatio-temporal analyses of estimated emissions were conducted by LOVE. Finally, this study proposed a set of strategies to reduce both PM and NOx to enhance public health based on analysis results.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.59-77
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• 2003

This study is to validate the use of macro language for the land suitability analysis aiming to help to resolve land use conflicts. The silver-town suitability analysis is conducted on the Geejang Gun, Busan Metropolitan city. Such digital maps as terrain, road, facility, and water body were created for various cartographic models. A cartographic model identified the best suitable areas for silver-town development based on the such site selection variables as a distance to facility and road, slope and aspect of terrain, land use etc. Then, the other cartographic model identified the most favorable site among the candidate sites based on the comparison of the aspect of proximity, usage and environmental quality. Macro language was used for these modeling process and was used for the manipulation of all these spatial variables used in the models to resolve land use conflicts relating to the decision making process of the final site selection. This study will improve the effectiveness and rationality of the traditional site suitability analysis.