• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.510-537
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• 1995

Human health is an integral part of experience in the process of Human Becoming. Through continual interaction with the environment human beings freely choose experience and develop as responsible beings. The process of the health experience of patient with terminal cancer is a unique. he objective of this study is to understand the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide basic information for nursing care in the clinical setting and to develop a theoretical background for clinical practice. This study is to de-scribe and define the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide a foundation for nursing research and education. Data collection has been done between December 1993 and November 1994. The subjects included five persons -four females and one male : one who was in her sixties, one in his fifties, two in their forties, and one who was in her thirties. The researcher has met with these patients 35 times, but at eight times the patient was in a stuporous condition and not able to participate, so these were not included in the data analysis. Parse's "Human Becoming Methodology", an existential phenomenological research methodology is used for this study. Data has been collected using he dialogical engagement process of "I and You", the participant researcher and the participant subject. Dialogical engagement was discontinued when the data was theoretically saturated. Data was analyzed using the extraction - synthesis and heuristic interpretation. The criteria of Guba and Lincoln(1985). and Sandelo wski(1986) : credibility, auditability, fitness and objectivity were used to test the validity and reliability of the data. The following is a description of the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer as defined by this study : 1. Structure : 1) Suffering through the reminiscence of past experience 2) The appearance of complex emotions related to life and connectedness 3) The increasing importance of significant people and of the Absolute Being 4) The increasing realization of the importance of health and belief 5) Desire for a return to health and a peaceful life or for acceptance of dying and a comfortable death In summary the structure of the lived experience of these patients can be said to be : suffering comes through reminiscence of past experience, and there are complex emotions related to life and connectedness. Significant people and the Absolute Being become increasingly important along with a realization of the importance of health and faith. And finally there is a desire for either a return to health and a peaceful life or for the acceptance of dying and a comfortable death. 2. Heuristic Interpretation : Using Parse's Human Becoming Methodology, the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer identified in this research is interpreted as. The lived experience of patients with terminal cancer involves the solving of past conflicts, and the experience of the healing and valuing of sorrow and pain. Through the relation of life and health, and the complex emotions that arise, the lived experience of revealing - concealing is of paradoxical emotions. The increasing importance of significant others and of the Absolute Being shows Connecting and Separating an on- going process of nearness and farness. Revision of thoughts about health and faith is interpreted as transforming and desire for restoration to health and a peaceful life or acceptance of dying and a cowfortable death, as powering. In summary, it is possible to see, in the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer, the relationship of the five concepts of Parse's theory : valuing, revealing -concealing, connecting-separating, transforming, and powering. From Parse's theory, the results of this study show that meaning is related to valuing, rhythmicity to revealing-concealing and connect-ing-separating, and cotranscendence to transforming and powering.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 2011

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a natural phenolic constituent extensively used in dentistry as a component of zinc oxide eugenol cement and is applied to the mouth environment. Chios gum mastic (CGM) is a resinous exudate obtained from the stem and the main leaves of Pistacia lenticulus tree native to Mediterranean areas. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effect of co-treatment with a natural product, CGM and natural phenolic compound, eugenol on SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. To investigate whether the co-treatment with eugenol and CGM compared to each single treatment efficiently reduces the viability of SCC25 cells, MTT assay was conducted. Induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by Hoechst staining, TUNEL staining and DNA hypoploidy. Westen blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were performed to study the alterations of the expression level and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins in co-treatment. In this study, co-treatment of with eugenol and CGM on SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as nuclear condensations, DNA fragmentation, the increase and decrease of Bax and Bcl-2, decrease of DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto nuclei, and activation of caspase-3, caspase-6 caspase-7, caspase-9, PARP, Lamin A/C and DFF45 (ICAD) whereas each single treated SCC25 cells did not show or very slightly these patterns. Although the single treatment of 40 ${\mu}g$/ml CGM and 0.5 mM eugenol for 24 h did not induce apoptosis, the co-treatment of these reagents prominently induced apoptosis. Therefore our data provide the possibility that combination therapy with CGM and eugenol could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.453-459
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• 2009

The purposes of this research were to evaluate the relationships of between characteristics of noise and annoyance of dental hygienist by noise in dental clinic. To investigate the dental clinic workers' reactions to noise when occurred in dental clinic, the noise level test in dental clinic and questionnaire were taken. As a result of noise evaluation, It shows that the range of noise level was 67.7~78.3dB(A) and frequency was very high (more than 4KHz). It's seem to be begins occurrence of stamina-loss, contraction of peripheral blood vessel, decrease of adrenocortical hormones. Most of respondents were affected by noise: 67% of respondents were nervous about noise and the rest of respondents were bearable. Analysis by NR-curve showed that it was exceed the noise permit level in working space. As a result of correlation - test, the more exposed dental hygienist to noise, the more felt the unpleasantness and fatigue. It's hard to sufficient explanation to patients about the dental treatment. So it's thoughts that insufficient explanation will negative impact on the patients' satisfaction and increase competitiveness in dental clinics. To remedy a unpleasantness and fatigue of noise in dental hygienist, it's considered that making an offer the ear protection and choosing the low noise-vib. equipment and using the masking effect. Therefore, It can be provide a pleasant working environment with dental hygienist and It will have a great advantage to dental clinics to improve their competitiveness.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.69-88
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the effects that the exchange relationship among employees engaged in the wedding industry in Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongnam area exerted on job satisfaction and voluntary service intentions. For this purpose, a theoretical model was presented based on previous studies and the relationship among variables was analyzed based on the analysis results through a survey. There have recently been great difficulties in the whole wedding industry due to the global economic depression and the low birthrate. Moreover, it is hard to optimize the future business environment. In particular, the low birthrate has weakened the demand base of the wedding industry. As a result, it is expected that the competition among companies will be more fierce in the wedding industry. Employees' voluntary service intention become much more important to overcome difficulties in this industry. Employees' voluntary service intentions can be possible when their job satisfaction is achieved. Many studies report the result that this job satisfaction can naturally be achieved when the high quality exchange relationship among a leader, team members (co-workers) and customers is formed. It is viewed that employees' voluntary service intentions should be induced through job satisfaction to improve the profitability through the efficient operation and management of the system. A leader of the organization should make an effort to form the high-quality exchange relationship with members, support so that team members(coworkers) and other employees can get along together and the teamwork can be improved and induce them to improve a high level of service quality with friendly customer services. In spite of the significance of the study discussed above, there are the following limitations in this study. There is a limit to a certain extent in generalizing study conclusions because the study was limited to the Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongnam area. If practical surveys which full- and part-time employees are included in the composition of samples are conducted for wedding suppliers in the country in the future, the quality of study will be able to improve.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1996

A serious disease in a family influences the entire family member given the fact that the members closely interact with each other. Especially in terms of pediatric nursing, study on family gains importance as the need to care of families whose children with developmental disabilities and chronic disease This study was done based on The Resiliency Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation(McCubbin, 1991) is intended to examine the stress of parents whose children suffer from cleft lip or /and cleft palate. It also helps them to cope with the stress and analyze the relationship between the stress and coping This study used Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE) and Coping Health Inventory for Parents(CHIP) for measuring family stress and coping. The two instruments are revised to fit the social and cultural environment of Korean culture. Data collection was done from April 18, 1996 to May 18, 1996 at 8 University medical centers located in Seoul. Those who answered questionnaires were 84 parents whose children have cleft lip or /and cleft palate. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the data collotted. Programs used for data analysis were t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The study is summarized as follows .1. The average score of family stress is 10.46(percentage of the full score 24.90) and 'finance and business strains'(3.25), and 'intrafamily strains'(2.65) ranked the highest. The average score of family's coping is 1.93, which is close to the answer of' moderately helpful' and they are measured to put their utmost efforts to' intergration and cooperation of family and optimistic definition on the situation'. 2. There is no significant statistical correlation between the family stress and coping. 3. Mothers show more stress than fathers in the parts of 'illness and family care strains' and 'losses'(t〓-2.34, t〓-2.32, p<.05). 4. Fathers show more willingness to cope with the stress than mothers do in the parts of' seeking social support','self-esteem','emotional comfort' 5. Mothers are more stress than fathers in the parts of family stress and its coping with it by usual traits(t〓-2.78, p<.05). Parents with religion are measured to cope more willingly than those who are not 6. Income of a family shows positive correlationship with family coping (r〓.28, p<.05). The study shows that gender difference is significant variable in studying on family stress and coping. Mothers get more stress than fathers, which has much to do with the fact that they are in charge of raising children and keeping houseworks. Accordingly, managing family crisis and its survival can be induced by giving support for the mothers, studying fathers including the rest of the family members and giving nursing care and arbitration ; religious background is also considered to be one of the important factors in family stress , judging from the relationship between family income and family's coping, caring given to suffering children is needed on societal levels. The above considerations bring up the need to have a longitudinal study of children with congenital anomaly including cleft lip or /and cleft palate and their families about family stress and coping. Resiliency programs on family system and their effectiveness and the relationship between the enlarged families with social and cultural values reflecting Korean tradition are also needed to be studied.

• Trans-
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• v.3
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• pp.55-86
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• 2017

This study begins with the necessity of the concept of reincarnation of film media and the inclusion of specific tendencies of contemporary films as post - cinema comes. Variable movements around recent films Challenging and experimental films show aesthetics that are difficult to approach with the analysis of classical mise en scene and montage. In this way, I review the dispositif proposed by Martin in films that are puzzling to criticize with the classical conceptual framework. This is because the concept of dispositive is a conceptual pile that extends more than a mise en scene and a montage. Dispositif films tend to be non-reproducible and non-narrative, but not all non-narrativef tendencies are dispositif films. Only the dispositif film is included in the flow. Dispositif movement has increased dramatically in the modern environment on which digital technology is based, but it is not a tendency to be found in any particular age. The movement has been detected in classical films, and the dispositif tendency has continued to exist in avant-garde films in the 1920s and some modernist films. First, for clear conceptualization of cinematic dispositif, this study examines the sources of dispositif debates that are being introduced into film theory today. In this process, the theory of Jean Louis Baudry, Michel Foucault, Agamben, Flusser, and Deleuze will help. The concept of dispositif was discussed by several scholars, including Baudry and Foucault, and today the notion of dispositif is defined across all these definitions. However, these various discussions are distinctly different from the cinematic dispositif or dispositif films that Martin advocates. Martin's proposed concept reminds us of the fundamentals of cinematic aesthetics that have distinguished between the mise-en-scene and the montage. And it will be able to reconsider those concepts and make it possible to view a thing a new light or create new films. The basic implications of dispositif are apparatus as devices, disposition and arrangement, the combination of heterogeneity. Thus, if you define a dispositif film in a word, it is a new 'constraint' consisting of rearrangement and arrangement of the heterogeneous elements that make up the conditions of the classical film. In order for something to become a new design, changes must be made in the arrangement and arrangement of the elements, forces, and forces that make up it. Naturally, the elements encompass both internal and external factors. These dispositif films have a variety of possibilities, such as reflection on the archival possibilities and the role of supervision, the reestablishment of active and creative audience, the reason for the film medium, and the ideological reflection. films can also 'network' quickly and easily with other media faster than any medium and create a new 'devised' aesthetic style. And the dispositif film that makes use of this will be a key keyword in reading the films that present the new trend of modern film. Because dispositif are so comprehensive and have a broad implication, there are certainly areas that are difficult to sophisticate. However this will have a positive effect on the future activation of dispositif studies end for end. Dispositif is difficult to elaborate the concept clearly, so it can be accessed from a wide range of dimensions and has theoretically infinite extensibility. At the beginning and end of the 21st century film, the concept of cinematic dispositif will become a decisive factor to dismantle old film aesthetics.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.5 s.166
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• pp.453-466
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in the hydrological environment in Soyanggang-dam watershed due to climate change results (in yews 2050 and 2100) which were simulated using CCCma CGCM2 based on SRES A2 and B2. The SRES A2 and B2 were used to estimate NDVI values for selected land use using the relation of NDVI-Temperature using linear regression of observed data (in years 1998$\sim$2002). Land use change based on SRES A2 and B2 was estimated every 5- and 10-year period using the CA-Markov technique based on the 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000 land cover map classified by Landsat TM satellite images. As a result, the trend in land use change in each land class was reflected. When land use changes in years 2050 and 2100 were simulated using the CA-Markov method, the forest class area declined while the urban, bareground and grassland classes increased. When simulation was done further for future scenarios, the transition change converged and no increasing trend was reflected. The impact assessment of evapotranspiration was conducted by comparing the observed data with the computed results based on three cases supposition scenarios of meteorological data (temperature, global radiation and wind speed) using the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The results showed that the runoff was reduced by about 50% compared with the present hydrologic condition when each SRES and periods were compared. If there was no land use change, the runoff would decline further to about 3$\sim$5%.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

The Construction of industrial complex areas means the increase of imperviousness rate and the increase of nonpoint pollutant emissions during a rainfall. Generally the retention basin can become the alternative for removing and controling these nonpoint pollutants. Recently Ministry of Environment are trying to change the purpose of retention basins from flooding control to nonpoint pollutant control. In order to propel the stormwater management program, administration plan of stormwater management is enacted in Spring, 2005. Hereafter, in a newly developing area, the best management practices should be established to control the nonpoint pollutant. Landuses of the research area are classified to the categories of the 1st manufacturing industry, metal industry, fiber and chemical product manufacturing industry, etc. Therefore, this research was performed to understand washed-off characteristics of stormwater and to suggest the controling method of nonpoint pollutants. The optimum capacity of the retention basin can be determined by analyzing the relationships among data of rainfall, runoff, washed-off pollutants from the areas. The rainfall analysis using the data of normal year, recent 2, 5 and 10 years shows that the 80% rainfall frequency was occurred on 10mm accumulated rainfall, but which is not considered the first flush effect. However, by considering the first flush effect, the appropriate treatment capacity of rainfall can be decreased to 4-5mm accumulated rainfall. Using the criteria, the optimum capacity of retention basin is determined to $12,000m^3$ in the research area. The washed-off nonpoint pollutant loading from the areas have beeb calculated to 435ton/yr for TSS, 238ton/yr for COD, 8,518kg/yr for TKN and 1,816kg/yr for TP. The mass of 78.3ton/yr for TSS, 20.4ton/yr for BOD, 128.6ton/yr for COD, 4.6ton/yr for TKN and 980kg/yr for TP can be reduced by constructing the retention basin. The sediment accumulation rate is also calculated by $6.53kg/m^2-hr$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.595-602
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• 2014

Styela Clava tunic (SCT) has found some applications in many areas of medical treatment including as an anti-inflammatory compound, a wound healing film, in guided bone regeneration, and as a food additive. The protective effect of SCT aqueous extract (AE-SCT) on cell death induced by $H_2O_2$ treatment was investigated by measuring the changes in cell viability in HepG2 cells after AE-SCT treatment. High concentrations of antioxidant compounds including flavonoids (3.3 mg/g) and phenolics (32.3 mg/g) were detected in AE-SCT but no significant cytotoxicity was observed in HepG2 cells treated with AE-SCT. The viability of HepG2 cells was also not changed by treatment with different concentrations of AE-SCT after $H_2O_2$ treatment. However, cell viability was significantly increased in cells treated with three different concentrations of AE-SCT before $H_2O_2$ treatment. The greatest increase in cell viability was observed in the group treated with $50{\mu}g/ml$ AE-SCT, when compared with vehicle-treated group. FACS and DAPI staining analysis indicated that the decrease in number of dead cells was dependent on the concentration of AE-SCT. Alterations in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio after $H_2O_2$ treatment were significantly restored by treatment with different concentrations of AE-SCT. These results indicate that AE-SCT, which contains high levels of antioxidants, may protect cells against death induced by $H_2O_2$ treatment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perspectives on curriculum of secondary school home economics(HE) teachers, the HE teacher efficacy level, and the correlation between their perspectives on HE curriculum and the HE teacher efficacy. A questionnaire survey was carried out to the 500 HE teachers from middle and high schools across the nation, 215 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The findings of this study were as follows: First, most of HE teachers had the biggest interest in interpretative perspective and some teachers had a interest in critical perspective. On the other hand, a few teachers only had a interest in technical curriculum perspective. Second, HE teachers who worked in the big cities tended to be more interested in interpretative perspective than those who worked in small cities. HE teachers from 25 to 40 years olds tended to be more interested in critical perspective than those who were more than 50 years old. Also, HE teachers with less than 15 years of experience tended to be more interested in critical perspective than those who had worked for more than 15 years. Third, the average of the HE teacher efficacy level was 3.69. The efficacy level of studying support was the highest. Then came class support, environment support, instruction strategy, and demands alternation in order. Fourth, there was moderate correlation between the interpretative perspective on curriculum of middle and high school HE teachers and teacher efficacy level in comparison with other curriculum perspectives.