• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.358-366
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• 2016

The digestive system is gaining interest as a major regulator of various functions including immune defense, nutrient accumulation, and regulation of feeding behavior, aside from its conventional function as a digestive organ. The Drosophila midgut epithelium is completely renewed every 1-2 weeks due to differentiation of pluripotent intestinal stem cells in the midgut. Intestinal stem cells constantly divide and differentiate into enterocytes that secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients, or enteroendocrine cells that secrete regulatory peptides. Regulatory peptides have important roles in development and metabolism, but study has mainly focused on expression and functions in the nervous system, and not much is known about the roles in endocrine functions of enteroendocrine cells. We systemically examined the expression of 45 regulatory peptide genes in the Drosophila midgut, and verified that at least 10 genes are expressed in the midgut enteroendocrine cells through RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, antisera, and 25 regulatory peptide-GAL transgenes. The Drosophila midgut is highly compartmentalized, and individual peptides in enteroendocrine cells were observed to express in specific regions of the midgut. We also confirmed that some peptides expressed in the same region of the midgut are expressed in mutually exclusive enteroendocrine cells. These results indicate that the midgut enteroendocrine cells are functionally differentiated into different subgroups. Through this study, we have established a basis to study regulatory peptide functions in enteroendocrine cells as well as the complex organization of enteroendocrine cells in the Drosophila midgut.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

Hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy 4'-methoxyflavanone) and its glycoside hesperidin (hesperetin 7-rhamnoglucoside) in oranges have been reported to possess pharmacological effects related to anti-obesity. However, hesperetin and hesperidin have not been studied on suppressive effects on appetite. This study examined that hesperetin and hesperidin can stimulate the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), one of appetite-regulating hormones, from the enteroendocrine STC-1 cells, and then examined the mechanisms involved in the CCK release. Hesperetin significantly and dose-dependently stimulated CCK secretion with an $EC_{50}$ of 0.050 mM and increased the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) compared to the untreated control. The stimulatory effect by hesperetin was mediated via the entry of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and the activation of TRP channels including TRPA1. These results suggest that hesperetin can be a candidate biomolecule for the suppression of appetite and eventually for the therapeutics of obesity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.660-666
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• 1998

임신 7일부터 14일사이 paraquat(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4´-bipyridinium, 9m/Kg)를 모체에 경구투여하였을 때 태자와 출생후 흰쥐 위와 소장의 gastrin, somatostatin, gluca-gon, PP, CCK-8 및 serotonin면역반응세포 발생에 미치는 영향을 면역조직화학적으로 검색하였다. Paraquat 처리군의 면역반응세포는 대조군에 비해 늦은 시기의 태자부터 처음 관찰되며 출생전후 면역세포의 분포수도 차이를 보였다. 이로 보아 임신 중 모체를 통해 투여된 paraquat는 장내분비 세포의 분화를 지체시킬 뿐아니라 출생후 위장관의 성숙에도 영향을 줌을 알 수 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone or neuropeptide, is secreted in response to intraluminal nutrients by enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine and has important physiological actions related to appetite regulation and satiety. The stimulation on CCK secretion from the intestine is of potential relevance for body weight management. Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) and its glycoside naringin (naringenin 7-rhamnoglucoside) have been reported to have many biological functions. In the current study, we investigated the question of whether naringenin and naringin could stimulate CCK secretion and then examined the mechanisms involved in CCK release. MATERIALS/METHODS: STC-1 cells were used as a model of enteroendocrine cells. CCK release and changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) were measured after incubation of cells with naringenin and naringin for 1 h. RESULTS: Naringenin caused significant (P < 0.05) stimulation of CCK secretion, but naringin did not. In addition, regarding the secretory mechanisms, naringenin-induced CCK secretion involved increases in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, at least in part, and activation of TRP channels, including TRPA1. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that naringenin could have a role in appetite regulation and satiety.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2012

To determine the effects of Banggihwanggi-tang(BGHGT) on obesity, the obesity-related factors[gastrin, calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP), serotonin, ghrelin, obestatin, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), insulin, orexin, leptin] were investigated in the stomach, pancreas, brain of mice by immunohistochemical(IHC) methods for 4 weeks. The change of body weight was more reduced in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of the gastrin and CGRP positive cells on pylorus was higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The number of ghrelin immunoreactive cells on stomach was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC of GLP-1 positive cells did not observe in the stomach of BGHGT administered groups. The IHC density of GLP-1 in the pancreas was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of insulin positive cells in the pancreas was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of orexin positive neurons in the diencephalon was slightly higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of NPY and leptin positive neurons was slightly higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of serotonin positive neurons was higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. Therefore, we conclude that BGHGT activates appetite inhibitor through appetite related enteroendocrine cells and neuropeptides in stomach, pancreas and brain, and this activation may also be responsible for the inhibition of feeding behavior.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.276-296
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• 1990

우리 나라에 서식하는 뱀목 중 뱀과의 유혈목이, 능구렁이 및 무자치와 살모사과의 살모사, 까치살모사 및 쇠살모사를 재료로 하여 그 위장관에 출현하는 장내분비세포들 중 bombesin, CCK-8, gastrin, glucagon, insulin, PP, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P 및 VIP 등 10종류의 세포를 면역세포화학적 방법으로 염색한 후 광학현미경하에서 세포의 분포, 출현빈도, 모양 및 특징 등을 관찰하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 능구렁이, 유혈목이, 무자치, 까치살모사 및 쇠살모사의 위장관 점막상피에서는 CCK-8, gastrin, PP 및 serotonin 등 4종류의 분비세포가 관찰되었으며 동물의 종 및 위장관 각 부위별에 따라 내분비세포의 다과의 차이는 다소 있었다. 2. 살모사의 위장관 점막상피에서는 CCK-8, gastrin 및 serotonin 등 3종류의 분비세포가 관찰되었다. CCK-8, gastrin 및 serotonin 세포는 위장관 전반에 걸쳐 관찰되었으며 gastrin세포는 유문부와 소장 점막에 출현하였으며 각 부위에 따른 수의 차이가 있음을 알게 되었다. 3. 위장관 점막상피에서 관찰된 장내분비세포들의 모양은 위에서는 추체형 및 난원형을 띠었고 폐쇄형이었으며 소장 및 대장 전부에서는 주로 방추형을 띤 개구형이었으나 소수는 폐쇄형도 있었다. 대장 후부 및 직장에서는 난원형의 폐쇄형이었다. 4. 본 실험에서 사용된 10종류의 항혈청 중에서 bombesin, glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, subsatance P 및 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 항체 등에 양성반응을 보인 장내분비세포들은 관찰되지 않았다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1996년도 한국생물과학협회 국제학술대회
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• pp.133.1-133
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.83-97
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• 1987

In order to discriminate the enteroendocrine cell types in the mucosal epithelium of the normal duodenum of the Korean hedgehog (Erinaceus koreanus). The tissues were fixed in the mixture of 1% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide (phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). They were embedded in Araldite, and the ultrathin sections were made by LKB-V ultratome following the inspection of semithin sections stained with toluidine blue-borax solutions. Ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100B electron microscope. At least six types of enteroendocrine cells distributed in the mucosal epithelium of the duodenum were identified according to their morphological characteristics mainly based on the size, shape, number and electron density of the secretory granules. Type I cells had moderately developed organelles. The secretory granules were pleomorphic ($370X510nm$), and the granule cores with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and characterized by a narrow halo. Type II cells contained an indented nucleus and well-developed organelles. The secretory granules were round (350 nm) and classified in two kinds by electron density, moderate and high. Both granules were surrounded by limiting membrane and those with high electron density showed often a wide halo. Type III cells had an indented nucleus. The secretory granules with various electron density were round (220 nm) in shape. The granules with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and characterized by a narrow halo, but those with low or moderate electron density had not been observed the limiting membrane. Type IV cells contained an indented nucleus and moderately developed organelles. The secretory granules were round (180 nm) in shape, and the granule cores with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and showed often a wide halo. Type V cells had a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Secretory granules with low or moderate electron density were round (230 nm) in shape, and surrounded by limiting membrane and showed a narrow halo. Type VI cells contained an oval nucleus and well-developed organelles, especially Golgi complex. The secretory granules with high electron density were round (210 nm) in shape. The granules were enveloped in limiting membrane and showed often a wide halo.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.1162-1185
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• 2022

Purpose: We examined the effects of Dansam (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, SM) and Dansam-eum (DSE) on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis by comparing the inhibitory effects of SM and DSE with the representative treatment of PPI Omeprazole to determine if the effects of the prescription DSE based on Korean medicine are better than those of a single-use of SM. Methods: We performed experiments using both animal models and cancer cells. Results: Comparison of SM and DSE with PPI in the animal model tests revealed that the effects were superior for SM and DSE than for PPI in all categories (8-OHdG, p-IκB, PAR2, COX-1, cathelicidin, p-JNK, Caspase 3, ATP6V1B1, GRPR, serotonin, and NPY). In three categories (COX-1, serotonin, and NPY), SM and DSE showed superior results over the Controls. In the animal model tests, DSE was superior to SM in all categories except for serotonin. The anti-cancer effects observed in cancer cell tests revealed that SM and DSE had meaningful results in terms of cytotoxicity and cell movement rate, as well as in cancer cell apoptosis. Conclusions: We confirmed that SM and DSE can have effects on reflux esophagitis through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, mucosal protection, apoptosis, proton pumping, and the enteroendocrine system in the stomach and esophagus. We also confirmed that SM and DSE have superior effects to those of PPI on all aspects, especially gastric mucosa protection and enteroendocrine system control. We also confirmed that SM and DSE have anti-cancer effects. Above all, we confirmed that DSE has superior effects on almost all aspects compared to using SM alone.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1994

임신 26주, 27주의 생명력이 없는 한국인 태아 2예를 대상으로 십이지장 점막에서의 장내분비세포군집(일부 일본인 학자들이 명명한 "Segi's cap")의 출현, 형태 및 구조를 관찰하고. 이들 세포군집에서 내분비세포들의 존재 및 면역조직 화학적 특징들을 관찰하고자, 파라핀조직절편과 냉동박절 후 hematoxvlin과 eosin염색. Azan염색, Comori법, 그리고 면역조직화학염색 표본을 제작, 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과들을 얻었다 세포들의 군집 형태는 장 내강을 향해서는 오목한 형태였고, 기저막을 향해서는 볼록한 형태였다. 군집을 이룬 세포들은 중층을 이루었고. 술잔세포도 장 내캉목에서 관찰되었다 또한. 내강쪽에 위치한 세포들의 경우 미세융모들의 줄무의가장자리는 관찰되지 않았다 Leuenkephalin, somatostatin, substance p, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 및 5-HT 항혈청을 이용하여 면역조직염색한 결과 somatostatin 양성반응세포와 5-HT 양성반응세포만이 관찰되었다. 이들 somatostatin 양성반응 세포와 5-HT 양성반응세포들은 대개가 원추형의 세포들로서 개구형을 이루고 있음을 관찰한 수 있었다.관찰한 수 있었다.