• 영어영문학
• /
• 제55권5호
• /
• pp.793-820
• /
• 2009

The studies of correspondence between novel and nation-state, among which The Rise of the Novel by Ian Watt is supposed to be the first book, have flourished for more than twenty years, encouraged by Benedict Anderson's and Cathy Davidson's works. According to them, the novel should come simultaneously with, or after the foundation of the nation-state, and testify to its production or the emergence of its subject/citizen. This paper questions about these prepositions, trying to introduce a new paradigmatical approach, "between global and transnational historical approach," to first novels in transatlantic areas including England and atlantic coastal areas. In its complex relation to a variety of colonial, post-colonial, and transnational geopolitics, various cultural practices such as history, traveler's tales and epistolary novels can be included in the genre of the novel. The idea of the sexual contract by Carole Pateman is very useful because it helps more clearly understand the nature of relation between men and women in the capitalist reproduction, while the social contract tells about the relation between men as citizens. Unlike Freud in Totem and Taboo, Zilboorg argues that there were primordial and violent scenes such as rape before the first sexual contract. This paper will illuminate that "the rise of the novel" corresponded with the emergence of the sexual contract. In the so-called first novel Pamela, the heroine Pamela was threatened to be violated by Mr. B., and was really even confined in his cottage. Mary Rowlandson's The Captive Narrative shows that her body was confined as an English female captive, and troubled with imaginary rape by Indians which resulted in the unequal sexual contract between her and her puritan community in America. However, Leonora Sansay's Secret History in an alternative communality, which was not a nation-state, was different from both novels mentioned above, in that it shows the possibility of emancipation from their unequal marriage, the sexual contract. Therefore, it can be argued that "between global and transnational historical approach" has a possibility to provide a new vision of global sisterhood and solidarity to recognize globalized women's violence, and free themselves from the unequal sexual contract.

• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.180-193
• /
• 1997

This study was designed to set up more developed curriculum in Nursing department of a junior college. The sample for the study were fifteen curriculums of fifteen selected junior colleges in Seoul and Kyunggi area. The credits and hours of each curriculum were analyzed into means and compared with the one of the example college. The data were categorized into seven sections; cultural subject, basic medical science, major subjects such as Nursing, Fundamental Nursing, electives, teaching and non-teaching subjects, and clinical practice. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The results of the study were as follows; 1. Credit hours of Cultural subjects of each college ranges from $5.8\%\;to\;25.7\%$ of the total graduate credit hours; most commonaly lectured subjects are English 05 colleges), Korean (11 colleges), psychology (10 colleges), and computer (10 colleges). 2. In the case of the example college, Anatomy and Psychology were jointed as one subject, Basic Nursing Science, and some more study in depth should be made to develop more of this type of conjunction among related subjects on basic medical science. 3. As for the mendatory subjects of the example college, subjects on Adult Nursing was fourteen credits (14 hours), which was higher than the average 12.9 hours of other colleges compared. 4. Credit hours of Basic Nursing Laboratory were eight to ten credits (12-18 hours), which was higher than actual class hours. As more and more hospitals test clinical aptitude when recruiting nurses, more emphasis should be paid to the clinical practice. 5. Among fifteen sample curriculums six to twelve electives were offered with twelve to twenty-three credits. Most commonly opened subjects were Physical Examination (5), Nursing English (14). and Geriatrics Nursing (13). Nursing English are considered to be more important in the view of clinical practice. and Oriental Nursing, Nursing Information and Health Insurance Management should be considered as specialized subjects. 6. Teaching and Non-teaching subjects In case of the example school. Clinical Emergency Medicine, Introduction to Emergency Medicine were offered for these non-teaching class students so they could prepare for the qualification examination. 7. Clinical Practice The average credit hours for clinical practice of the sample college were 20.9 credit hours $(66.5\%)$ and the example school offered twenty credit hours which was slightly lower than the other forteen.

• 미술이론과 현장
• /
• 제14호
• /
• pp.33-51
• /
• 2012

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) has been widely regarded as the most original and brilliant English landscape painter in the 19th century. Admitted to the Royal Academy Schools in 1789, Turner was a precocious artist and gained the full membership of the prestigious Royal Academy in 1802 at the age of 27. Already in the 1800s he was recognised as a pioneer in taking a new and revolutionary approach to the art of landscape painting. Among his early works made in this period, The Shipwreck, painted in 1805, epitomizes the sense of sublime Romanticism in terms of its dramatic subject-matter and the masterly display of technical innovations. Of course, the subject of shipwreck has a long standing history. Ever since human beings first began seafaring, they have been fascinated as much as haunted by shipwrecks. For maritime societies, such as England, shipwreck has been the source of endless nightmares, representing a constant threat not only to individual sailors but also to the nation as a whole. Unsurprisingly, therefore, shipwreck is one of the most popular motifs in art and literature, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. Yet accounts, images and metaphors of shipwreck have taken diverse forms and served different purposes, varying significantly across time and between authors. As such, Turner's painting registers a panoply of diverse but interconnected contemporary discourses. First of all, since shipwreck was an everyday occurrence in this period, it is more than likely that Turner's painting depicted the actual sinking in 1805 of the East India Company's ship 'The Earl of Abergavenny' off the coast of Weymouth. 263 souls were lost and the news of the wreck made headlines in major English newspapers at the time. Turner's painting may well have been his visual response to this tragedy, eyewitness accounts of which were given in great quantity in every contemporary newspaper. But the painting is not a documentary visual record of the incident as Turner was not present at the site and newspaper reports were not detailed enough for him to pictorially reconstruct the entire scene. Rather, Turner's painting is indebted to the iconographical tradition of depicting tempest and shipwreck, bearing a strong visual resemblance to some 17th-century Dutch marine paintings with which he was familiar through gallery visits and engravings. Lastly, Turner's Shipwreck is to be located in the contexts of burgeoning contemporary travel literature, especially shipwreck narratives. The late 18th and early 19th century saw a drastic increase in the publication of shipwreck narratives and Turner's painting was inspired by the re-publication in 1804 of William Falconer's enormously successful epic poem of the same title. Thus, in the final analysis, Turner's painting is a splendid signifier leading the beholder to the heart of Romantic abyss conjoing nightmarish everyday experience, high art, and popular literature.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제46권
• /
• pp.327-353
• /
• 2017

본고는 근대소설 "こころ"안에서 사용된 'くれる類' 동사가 번역가에 의해 재생산될 때 나타날 수 있는 번역 양상을 '표현주체와 상대에 따른 사용'과 '이동대상'에 초점을 두어 분석했다. '표현주체와 상대에 따른 사용'은 다음과 같다. 'くれる類' 동사의 사전적 어휘용법에 머무르지 않고 장면에 따라 번역되었다. 그런데 '주는 자'가 손위의 인물일 때 사용된 'くれる'에 대한 한국어 역은 '주는 자'가 부모라면 전부는 아니지만 가급적 그 행위를 높여서 번역하는 경향이 보였다. 정중도에 대한 영어 역의 차이는 'くれる類' 동사가 부탁 의뢰 명령과 같은 용법으로 사용될 때 나타났는데, 'くれる'보다 'くださる' 쪽에서 'please'의 사용이 보였다. '이동대상'에 따른 번역 양상은 다음과 같다. 본동사로 사용될 때의 한국어 역은 'くれる' 'くださる'에 대응하는 '주다' '주시다'로 번역되었지만, 영어 역은 이동대상의 특징에 따라 번역 어휘가 다양했으며 구체화된 행위의 표현으로 번역되었다. 보조동사로 사용될 때의 한국어 역과 영어 역은 행위의 이동 이외에 사물의 이동이 포함되었는지 아닌지에 따라 번역 어휘가 다르게 나타났다. 한국어 역은 구체적인 사물과 더불어 행위의 이동이 있을 때는 '-주다' '-달라' '-주시다' 등과 같은 수익을 나타내는 번역이 우세했다. 추상적인 사항과 함께 행위의 이동이 있을 때와 이동 대상에 행위만 있을 때의 한국어 역은 수익을 나타내는 번역도 있었지만, 전항동사의 행위로 번역된 예도 보였다. 영어 역은 구체적인 사물 및 추상적인 사항이 포함된 행위의 이동이 있을 때나 행위의 이동만 있을 때도 전항 동사의 행위로 번역된 예가 우세했다. 부탁 의뢰를 나타내는 표현에 한국어 역은 '-달라' '-주세요'와 같이 'くれる'와 'くださる'에 대응하는 번역이 있었던 반면, 영어 역은 'must' 'ask' 'wish' 'would' 'would like to' 'please'와 같이 문 구조나 언어기능 항목에 초점을 두어 행위를 구체화 시키는 번역이 중심을 이뤘다.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the equality between key words used in the Journal of Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Methods: A total of 666 English key words in 187 papers (average 3.5 words in a paper) from 2001 to 2014 were eligible for this study. We classified them according to matched, and non-matched terms. After descriptive analysis, we assayed patterns of errors in using MeSH, and reviewed frequently used non-MeSH terms. Results: Fifty nine point six percent (59.6%) of total key words were completely coincident with MeSH terms, 40.39% were not MeSH terms. Conclusions: The results show that the coincidence rate of key words with MeSH terms was at a moderate level. However, there is a need for us to understand MeSH more specifically and accurately. Use of proper key words aligned with the international standards such as MeSH is important to be properly cited. The authors should pay attention and be educated on correct use of MeSH as key words.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
• /
• 제18권
• /
• pp.99-127
• /
• 1990

This study attempts to verify the hypothesis that the interdisciplinary communication patterns may be different according to each disciplines. To put it concretely, it is intended to analyze and compare the subject distribution, the format, the age, the origin and the language of the documents of other disciplines cited in the journal articles according to each disciplines. To test the hypothesis philosophy, sociology and physics as the sample for the three disciplines, that is, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences are sellected, and the documents cited in the journal articles published in 1966, 1971. 1976, 1981 and 1986 by the Korean Philosophical Association, the Korean Sociological Association and the Korean Physical Society are collected. And then the subject distribution, the format, the age, the origin, the language, and their use rate of the documents of other disciplines cited in the journal articles are investigated, analyzed and compared according to each disciplines. Some findings and conclusions made in the study are as follows. 1. The subject distribution of documents of other disciplines cited and its distribution ratio are different according to each disciplines, that is, humanities high, natural sciences low and social sciences medium. 2. The format and the use rate of documents of other disciplines cited are different according to each disciplines. In the three disciplines book and journal are more used than any format of documents in interdisciplinary communication while in case of the humanities and social sciences book is more used than journal, and in case of the natural sciences journal is more used than book in that communication. 3. The age and the use rate of the cited documents of other disciplines are different according to each disciplines. In case of the social sciences and natural sciences the documents of its last 20 years of publication are cited concentrately, and in case of the humanities the literature age is unconcerned. 4. The origin and the language of the cited documents of other disciplines, and its use rate are different according to each disciplines. In the humanities and natural sciences the documents published in foreign country are cited concentrately, and in the social sciences the home publication documents are more cited than the foreign. The documents of other disciplines in English language are most cited among the documents in any foreign languages in interdisciplinary communication. Putting the three disciplines in order of the use rate of the documents in English language, the natural sciences is high, the humanities medium, and the social sciences low. In the social sciences the use rate of the documents of other disciplines in Korean language is high while in the humanities and natural sciences slight.

• 사회경제평론
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.165-201
• /
• 2018

프리드리히 니체와 앨프레드 화이트헤드에 따르면, 근대 서양의 존재론이 범한 치명적인 오류는 현실의 구조가 언어의 구조와 같다고 착각하는 데 있다. 언어는 주어-술어 구조를 띠고 있는데, 현실도 이 구조를 띠고 있다고 착각해서, 허구적인 언어적 주어를 현실적으로 존재하고 있는 주체로 잘못 설정하고 있다. 이 허구적인 주체 개념이 바로 인격 개념이다. 본 논문은 이러한 허구적인 인격 개념이 어떻게 자본주의 금융이 발전하는 데 토대를 이루는지 분석할 것이다. 본 논문의 분석하는 역사적 시기와 장소는 17세기 후반 영국이다. 이 시기에 영국에서 근대적 형태의 은행업이 시작됐으며 동시에 근대적 주체 개념인 "인격" 개념이 존 로크 등에 의해 철학적으로 발전한다. 동시에 유한책임 주식회사와 국가 또한 독립적인 추상적 인격성이 추상적인격체로 독립성을 획득한다. 이 추상적 인격 개념은 사회적 관계를 "배타적 소유"와 "채권-채무" 관계로 환원하고, 이 환원이 근대 금융의 존재론적 바탕을 이룬다. 배타적 재산권은 행사하지만 책임을 져야 할 때는 채권으로 변모해 그 책임을 회피하는 제도가 바로 근대 금융의 본질이다. 그리고 영원하고 독립적인 인격성을 지니게 된 근대적 집단을 채무자로 전락시킴으로 근대 금융의 채권자들은 자신들의 특권을 크게 강화한다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.127-143
• /
• 2009

Tough-construction is, undoubtedly, one of the most puzzling syntactic problems in the history of transformational grammar. Various approaches have been proposed including Deletion approaches (Akmajian, 1972; Lasnik and Fiengo, 1974) and movement approaches. Among the movement approaches, Chomsky (1977; 1981) argues for movement of null Operator, and Hornstein (2001) argues for a two-step movement equipped with Sideward movement. Most recently, Schueler (2004) and Hartman (2009) each have also argued for a kind of movement approach. With the development of the Minimalist syntax (Chomsky, 1995; Chomsky, 2000; Chomsky, 2001), tough-construction, an age old problem in the description of grammar, turns into another round toward to a more satisfactory answer. By examining the most recent competing analyses of tough-constructions, this paper defends and extends Schueler's (2004) analysis, rather than Hartman's (2009) two step movement approach. Furthermore, this paper proposes that tough-subject originates from the intermediate CP internal Spec-TopicP position rather than from the iterated CP layer (Authier, 1992). This approach has more descriptive power than it was originally argued for in Schueler (2004) and is a step closer toward Minimalism insofar as the conception of government is no longer utilized.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.71-86
• /
• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates research trends by searching for English keywords and abstracts in 1,511 Korean journal articles in the Korea Citation Index from the 2002-2019 period using the term "Port." The study aims to lay the foundation for a more balanced development of port research. Design/methodology - Using abstract and keyword data, we perform frequency analysis and word embedding (Word2vec). A t-SNE plot shows the main keywords extracted using the TextRank algorithm. To analyze which words were used in what context in our two nine-year subperiods (2002-2010 and 2010-2019), we use Scattertext and scaled F-scores. Findings - First, during the 18-year study period, port research has developed through the convergence of diverse academic fields, covering 102 subject areas and 219 journals. Second, our frequency analysis of 4,431 keywords in 1,511 papers shows that the words "Port" (60 times), "Port Competitiveness" (33 times), and "Port Authority" (29 times), among others, are attractive to most researchers. Third, a word embedding analysis identifies the words highly correlated with the top eight keywords and visually shows four different subject clusters in a t-SNE plot. Fourth, we use Scattertext to compare words used in the two research sub-periods. Originality/value - This study is the first to apply abstract and keyword analysis and various text mining techniques to Korean journal articles in port research and thus has important implications. Further in-depth studies should collect a greater variety of textual data and analyze and compare port studies from different countries.

• 한국안광학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2009

목적: 본 연구는 안경광학과 교양 및 전공기초 교육과정의 질적 향상을 위해 학내 외의 교양 및 전공기초 교육 과정에 대한 요구를 바탕으로 대학 교양 및 전공기초 교육의 개선점을 제시하는데 목적이다. 방법: 경기도, 경남, 전남, 전북에 소재한 대학의 재학생 507명과 서울시, 대전시, 경기도, 전북에 근무하는 안경사 138명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하고 이를 분석하였다. 결과: 외국어 과목 요구도는 영어과목이 가장 높았으며 재학생은 영어 과목에 대해 2년제 대학과 3, 4년제 대학 간 유의한 차이를 보여주었고( p<.01), 안경사들은 영어 과목에서 2년제와 3년제 간 유의한 차이를 보였다( p<.05). 과학 과목 요구도는 생물과목이 가장 높았으며 재학생은 물리와 생물과목에서 2년제 대학과 4년제 대학 간 유의한 차이를 보였다( p<.05). 전공기초 과목에서 재학생들은 인성과 경영 과목의 요구도에 대해 2년제 대학과 4년제 대학 간 유의한 차이를 보였으며( p<.05), 재학생과 안경사에게 공통적으로 경영 과목의 요구도는 가장 높았으며 인성 과목은 유의한 차이가 있었다( p<.001). 결론: 안경광학과 재학생과 안경사들의 경영 과목에 대한 요구도가 높았으므로 이들의 요구를 반영하여 이와 관련된 과목의 확대와 강화가 요구된다.