• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to calculate and analyze the engine load factor of major agricultural operations using a 78 kW class agricultural tractor for estimating the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse. Engine load data were collected using controller area network (CAN) communication. Main agricultural operations were selected as plow tillage (PT), rotary tillage (RT), baler operation (BO), loader operation (LO), driving on soil (DS), and driving on concrete (DC). The engine power was calculated using the measured engine load data. A weight factor was applied to load factor for considering usage ratio according to agricultural operations. Weight factors for different agricultural operations were calculated to be 27.4%, 32.9%, 17.5%, 7.7%, 4.5%, and 10.0% for PT, RT, BO, LO, DS, and DC, respectively. As a result of the field test, load factors were 0.74, 0.93, 0.41, 0.23, 0.27, and 0.21 for PT, RT, BO, LO, DS, and DC, respectively. The engine load factor was the highest for RT. Finally, as a result of applying the weight factor for usage ratio of agricultural operations, the integrated engine load factor was estimated to be 0.63, which was about 1.31 times higher than the conventional applied load factor of 0.48. In future studies, we plan to analyze the engine load factor by considering various horsepower and working conditions of the tractor.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the impact of engine load on the emission characteristics of excavator engines, with the aim of improving the method for calculating the emission inventory of construction machinery. The engine load in excavators is directly correlated with the operational workload, and variations in the load factor (LF) can significantly influence the emission inventory. Thus, on-board diagnostic (OBD) data from an excavator at a construction site were systematically collected to measure engine output and emissions. The results revealed discernible differences in emissions based on engine load, even when the average excavator engine performance remained constant. This highlights the significant influence of the type and characteristics of the work being carried out on emission characteristics. Making realistic adjustments to the LF used in emission calculation formulas emerges as a crucial strategy for environmental improvement. Moreover, the analysis of the effects of engine load on emissions from excavators provides valuable insights for enhancing environmental protection measures.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.617-628
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the engine load factor (LF) of a 90 kW agricultural combine harvester. The combine harvester used in this study is equipped with an electronic engine, and real-time engine data (torque and speed) was collected through a controller area network. The speed of the combine harvester during harvesting operation was divided into three levels (4, 5, and 6 km/h) for the representative operation speed range of 4 to 6 km/h. The LF was calculated using the engine load data measured in real time during harvesting. A weight was applied to the LF for each condition based on a survey of the usage. Results of the field test showed that the LF was 0.53, 0.64, and 0.87 at working speeds of 4, 5, and 6 km/h, respectively. The highest engine load factor was recorded at 6 km/h. Finally, based on the weight for the usage applied, the integrated engine LF was analyzed to be 0.69, which is approximately 144% higher than the currently applied LF of 0.48. A study on LF analysis for the entire work cycle, including idling and driving of the combine harvester, will be addressed in a future study.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.54-61
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• 2022

This is a basic study analyzing emissions of an agricultural tractor during tillage operations. In this study, CO, THC, NOx, and PM considered as emission factor were analyzed during plow and rotary tillage operation by the tractor. Engine torque and rotational speed were measured through ECU. Engine power was calculated using engine torque and rotational speed. The emissions was calculated based on the number of units, rated power, load factor, and operating time. Results showed that the load factor was calculated almost twice, which was higher than 0.48. It was also observed that the emission of the tractor was variable for different agricultural operations because tractor loads were different based on operations. There was a difference in emissions due to differences in plow and rotary working hours. To estimate the emission of agricultural tractor based field operations in detail, it is necessary to consider TAF (Transient Adjustment Factor) and DFA (Deterioration factor). In the future, TAF and DFA will be considered to estimate emissions of the agricultural tractor. Finally, results of this study can contribute to the literature to estimate tractor emissions accurately.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to measure and analyze engine load factor (LF) according to working conditions (operation type and gear stage) of small agricultural multi-purpose cultivator to estimate the emission of air pollutants. To calculate LF, a torque sensor capable of collecting torque and rotational speed was installed on the engine output shaft and DAQ was used to collect data. A field test was conducted with major operation of a cultivator and tillage operations (plow tillage and rotary tillage). Engine power was calculated using engine torque and rotational speed and LF was calculated using real-time power and rated power. In addition, unified LF was calculated using the weight for each operation and the average LF for each operation. As a result, average LF values at 1.87 and 3.10 km/h by plow tillage were 0.50 and 0.69, respectively. Average LF values at 1.87 and 3.10 km/h by rotary tillage were 0.70 and 0.78, respectively. Furthermore, unified LF calculated in consideration of the weight factor showed a value of 0.65, which was 135% higher than the conventional LF (0.48). Results of this study could be used as basic information for realizing LF values in the field of agricultural machinery.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.554-559
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• 2007

The cylinder cover stud for assembling the combustion chamber components of low-speed marine diesel engine is one of the main structural components in engine. To understand the structural behavior of the stud is quite important for safe and economic design of it. In this paper, the structural behavior and design adequacy of the stud have been evaluated through strain measurement and structural analysis for the world's two largest engine types. Moreover, a feasibility study for design modification was carried out based on fatigue test and calculation. The results showed that 1) the stud experiences very high stress ratio under normal operating conditions, 2) the fatigue strength of the stud is sufficient, and 3) results from strain measurement and structural analysis were quite close each other.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.1 s.114
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• pp.16-23
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• 2006

Depth and working load control is one of the most important technique in control system for tractor rotary implement automation. Keeping the depth consistent is critical to bring along crops and to improve the efficiency and quality of the following operations. Keeping the load of engine consistent is an essential factor for the efficiency of operation and engine protection of tractor. In this study we investigated the possibility of application of depth and working load control system for tractor using a proportional valve through field tests. Depth control was implemented by the ascent and descent of 3 point linkage for the change of setting depth. There were 4 mm and 5.2 mm control deviations for setting depths of 50mm and 100mm, respectively. Load control was operated appropriately by the ascent and of descent of 3 point link for the change of setting working load. The standard deviations between setting load and engine load were 171 rpm at 1.3 km/h and 164 rpm at 2.3 km/h tractor travel velocity. The results of experiment showed that the characteristics of response was sufficient to be used as the implement depth and working load control system for tractor using proportional valve.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 2019

The power-train is the most important component of an agricultural tractor. In this study, the strength of the driving gear transmission of an 82 kW-class tractor was analyzed using equivalent torque during plow tillage. The load measurement system consisted of an engine revolution speed sensor, torque-meters, revolution speed sensors for four axles, and pressure sensors for two hydraulic pumps. The load data were measured during plow tillage for four speed stages: F2 (2.78 km/h), F5 (5.35 km/h), F7 (7.98 km/h), and F8 (9.75 km/h). Aspects of the gear-strength such as bending stress, contact stress, and safety factors were analyzed under two torque conditions: the equivalent torque at the highest plow load for the F8 speed stage and the maximum engine torque. The simulation results using KISSsoft showed that the maximum engine torque conditions had a lower safety factor than did the highest equivalent torque condition. The bending safety factors were > 1 at all gear stages, indicating that gear breakage did not occur under actual measured operating conditions, nor under the maximum torque conditions. However, the equivalent torque condition in the contact stress safety factor was > 1, and the maximum torque condition was < 1 at the first gear pair. The method of analysis using the equivalent torque showed lower stress and higher safety factor than did the method using maximum torque. Therefore, when designing a tractor by applying actual working torque, equivalent torque method would support more reliable product development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1998

The local instantaneous flame temperature and soot concentration in a D. I. diesel engine were measured using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectra! radiation from the soot particles in the flame is applicable to industrial Diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics because of simplicity and relative ease of application. Measurements were performed at two locations inside the combustion chamber of a D. I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads, fuel injection timings, combustion chamber shapes on flame temperature and KL factor, which is qualitatively proportional to soot concentrations, were examined. Flame temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed and load. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2005

Fuel injection rate of an injector is affected by various injection conditions such as injection duration, fuel temperature, injection pressure, and voltage in LPG liquid injection systems for either a port-fuel-injection(PFI) or a direct injection(DI) in a cylinder. Even fuel injection conditions are changed, the air-fuel ratio should be accurately controlled to educe exhaust emissions. In this study, correction factor for the fuel injection rate of an injector is derived from the density ratio and the pressure difference ratio. A voltage correction factor is researched from injection test results on an LPG liquid injection engine. A compensation method of the fuel injection rate is proposed for a fuel injection control system. The experimental results for the LPG liquid injection system in a SI-engine show that this system works well on experimental range of engine speed and load conditions. And the fuel injection rate is accurately controlled by the proposed compensation method.