• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the syllable structures of ten Korean numeric sounds produced by ten students. Each sound was normalized by its maximum intensity value and divided into onset, vowel, and coda sections after finding abrupt or visible changes in energy values or cumulative values of lower spectral energy at each pulse point using four Praat scripts. Then, segmental durations and cumulative intensity values of each syllable were obtained to find a statistical summary of the syllable structure. Intensity values at 100 proportional time points were also collected to compare the ten sounds. Results showed as follows: Firstly, there was not much deviation from the grand average duration and intensity for the majority of the sounds except the two diphthongal sounds on which their boundary points varied among the speakers. Secondly, the onset point for the CV or CVC category sounds and the boundary between the vowel and the nasal or lateral sound were easy to identify, which may be automatically traced later. Thirdly, there seems some tradeoff among the sections maintaining the same total duration per each syllable. Further studies on syllables with various onsets or codas would be desirable to make a general statement on the Korean syllable structure.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.316-324
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• 2012

This research shows the improved methodology which can be applied for universities which want to set up their GHG inventories. In other words, we tried to make guideline in problems due to the unique characteristics of universities. This guideline will help university to deal with the problems they are facing: For example university has less enforcement in operational control compared to the business sector. And it also has various usage of facilities, although these facilities are not maintained by same principal agent. The difference between owner and manager is an another reason for difficulty in setting group organization. The improved and adaptable methods responding to these problems were suggested from this research. The results of this research says the new definition of function for various actors in university for quality control and quality assurance. Because the suggestions made in this research which concerns with criteria for building of universities' GHG inventories were all read by current legislation, there is an anticipation that this can be an official guideline that can be applied to the universities right away.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2002

This paper describes on the initial procedure of the concept development for marine waste cleaning ships and her fleets. We investigated and analyzed about missions, operating ocean environments; similar cleaning ships, laws and regulations for determining the functional requirements of ships and fleets, and then top-level requirements were drawn out. According to the volume estimation of marine wastes in domestic coastal and shoreline, we made the alternatives, combination of some design factors, for the evaluation of economical efficiency. As a result of this study, we organized the fleets of marine waste cleaning ships adapted to the environments of domestic coastal.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.5-17
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• 2015

Purpose: The goal of this research is to identify the planning techniques of Smart Green City with Ubiquitous method and carbon-neutral city planning techniques and to induce the main planning techniques through the analysis of relative importance and practical adaptation. Method: First of all, eighteen planning techniques were derived and categorized into three organization systems and six sectors through literature review and FGI analysis considering the applicability of Ubiquitous service for carbon-neutral city planning techniques. Secondly, based on expert surveys and AHP analysis, the importance of Smart Green City planning techniques was evaluated. Thirdly, using case study, six cases related to Smart Green City were analyzed for the current status of application of planning techniques. Lastly, considering the importance of planning techniques and practical aspects, the characteristics of Smart Green City and its implication were estimated. Result: Energy, Resource and Waste and Transportation sector were identified as important sectors for Smart Green City. In addition, 'Construction of Smart Grid', 'System for Utilization of New & Renewable Energy', 'Smart Resource Circulation Management System', 'Establishment of Public Transportation Information System basis', 'Construction of Pedestrian / Bicycle oriented Road Environment' are essential planning techniques to create Smart Green City.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-147
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• 2004

Objectives and methods : This research aims to study about conversion system of channels. In the present study, we investigated the movement and conversion of channels on the base of three step theory(三才論), Yeak(易), Hado.Laksea(河圖洛書) and five elements motion and six kinds of factors(Six-Qi). Results and Conclusions : The organization of meridian is composed of the following three parts: hand and foot, Yin and Yang, and the viscera and bowals. It is play an important role in energy flow and its conversion. The law governing energy conversion is divided into three groups i.e. taiyin-yangming channel, shaoyin-taiyang channel and jueyin-shaoyang channel group. Those are composed of Deadea(對待) of Six-Qi, making the body homeostasis. Taken together, we suggest that the conversion system of meridian is founded on the unity between the human body and nature which provides the medical workers with a necessary method of thinking in treating diseases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2012

Person characteristics and the perception of organization climate affect on the performances associated with causes of job stress, and may induce various types of human errors. For incidence, a person's adaptation to organizational traits can influence on a person's performance with tasks assigned as well as job satisfaction, a change of occupation, etc. There are several evaluation methods such as an aptitude test to evaluate the suitability of department allocation. However, only person's traits such as an aptitude has been associated with department allocation and job assignment for the personnel management. This paper shows not only an evaluation result on the job-stress of the workers in nuclear power plants (NPPs), but also the relationships between the job-stress and the coincidences of group-personal, team-personal traits. Then, we systematically deduct a basic information on the factors to be considered to manage the organizational traits and job stress. We expect this result can contribute to enhance the organizational management against to the human errors as well as for the promotion of safety and efficiency of NPPs.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1330-1347
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• 2018

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes or communication devices that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and predetermined organization of available links. The effort has been made by proposing a scheme to overcome the critical security issue in MANET. The insufficiency of security considerations in the design of Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector protocol makes it vulnerable to the threats of collaborative black hole attacks, where hacker nodes attack the data packets and drop them instead of forwarding. To secure mobile ad hoc networks from collaborative black hole attacks, we implement our scheme and considered sensor's energy as a key feature with a better packet delivery ratio, less delay time and high throughput. The proposed scheme has offered an improved solution to diminish collaborative black hole attacks with high performance and benchmark results as compared to the existing schemes EDRIAODV and DRIAODV respectively. This paper has shown that throughput and packet delivery ratio increase while the end to end delay decreases as compared to existing schemes. It also reduces the overall energy consumption and network traffic by maintaining accuracy and high detection rate which is more safe and reliable for future work.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.263-275
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• 2010

In the last decade, wireless sensor networks have emerged as a promising technology that could accelerate progress in the field of structural monitoring. The main advantages of wireless sensor networks compared to conventional monitoring technologies are fast deployment, small interference with the surroundings, self-organization, flexibility and scalability. These features could enable mass application of monitoring systems, even on smaller structures. However, since wireless sensor network nodes are battery powered and data communication is the most energy consuming task, transferring all the acquired raw data through the network would dramatically limit system lifetime. Hence, data reduction has to be achieved at the node level in order to meet the system lifetime requirements of real life applications. The objective of this paper is to discuss some general aspects of data processing and management in monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks, to present a prototype monitoring system for civil engineering structures, and to illustrate long-term field test results.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.167-180
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• 2013

A capstone design is regarded as one of cap courses in undergraduate engineering education because it requires most prerequisites and makes students experience real engineering design processes. There have been case studies to show how this subject should be organized, practiced, and optimized. This study shows one of the case studies by focusing offshore wind power, one of newly recognized renewable energy resources, especially targeting for the design of wind turbine foundation and submarine power cable protectors mainly because of current energy and global warming crisis. To pinpoint engineering design, the students'activities during the project and design procedures are monitored, evaluated, and recommended; hence, core factors are addressed to develop successful aim, theory, practice, and other necessities. These factors include creative problem solving abilities; recognition of engineering curriculum; selection of project theme based on significance, ripple effect, and education purpose; team organization by the full brain model; systematization of project process; realization of engineering design; and synthesis of evaluation. In the end, the aftermath and future works are discussed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 2014

The disease tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The evolution of drug-resistant tuberculosis causes a foremost threat to global health. Most drug-resistant MTB clinical strains are showing resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin (RIF), the frontline anti-tuberculosis drugs. Mutation in rpoB, the beta subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase of MTB, is reported to be a major cause of RIF resistance. Amongst mutations in the well-defined 81-base-pair central region of the rpoB gene, mutation at codon 450 (S450L) and 445 (H445Y) is mainly associated with RIF resistance. In this study, we modeled two resistant mutants of rpoB (S450L and H445Y) using Modeller9v10 and performed a docking analysis with RIF using AutoDock4.2 and compared the docking results of these mutants with the wild-type rpoB. The docking results revealed that RIF more effectively inhibited the wild-type rpoB with low binding energy than rpoB mutants. The rpoB mutants interacted with RIF with positive binding energy, revealing the incapableness of RIF inhibition and thus showing resistance. Subsequently, this was verified by molecular dynamics simulations. This in silico evidence may help us understand RIF resistance in rpoB mutant strains.