• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.193-214
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• 2008

This study aims to examine similarities and differences of each e-B/L types as well as identify problems of e-B/L utilization and directions for improvement. Especially, it suggests strategies for the realization of e-B/L through reviewing and analyzing commercial types of e-B/L, which have been developed so far. Although e-B/L succeeded in realizing the function as a certificate of title and its distribution value, it has not been fully implemented due to operational problems. Subsequently, e-B/L was realized in the Bolero project as an attempt of system to make up for shortcomings in the failure of previous e-B/L types, but it has still a number of problems. To solve this problem and make use of e-B/L more efficiently, this study focuses on the specific ways to introduce e-B/L and suggest directions for the development of e-Nego system. Preparation of electronic documents is a prerequisite for the development of the e-Nego system, taking distribution of electronic documents into consideration. Next, compatibility of electronic documentation and paper-based documents should be realized, with the guarantee of authenticity of electronic documents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.27-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify key obstacles to the adoption of electronic bill of lading and to suggest an effective way to promote the utilization of electronic bill of lading in international trade field. This study finds that all the respondants have not used 'true' electronic bill of lading that is issued and distributed electronically, and most of them agreed the needs of e-B/L adoption, but their intentions to adopt e-B/L remain very low in the present situation. Five obstacles to the adoption of e-B/L were derived from an explanatory factor analysis: 'integration' factor, 'law institution' factor, 'usability' factor, 'economic efficiency' factor, and 'security' factor. Solutions to promote the utilization of e-B/L in international trade field are as follows; Firstly, to endow e-B/L with the legal force through amending relevant laws including the commercial law. Secondly, to conclude the relevant international agreement, and to carry out joint projects between nations are needed. Thirdly, to conduct publicity campaigns is required to increase the understanding of the concepts and benefits of e-B/L to all concerned parties. Fourthly, stable and reliable system must be constructed with high level security. Fifthly, to readjust the service fee of e-B/L system to a realistic level is to be needed in order for user companies to use e-B/L service.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-92
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• 2004

Global Electronic Trading means that trading partners trade each other via Global Electronic Trading Network, that is, global business to business electronic commerce. Electronic payment systems are how to make payment electronically in manner that is efficient, reliable, and secure. I suggest the Electronic payment systems such as TradeCard and SWIFT enable seller and buyer to conduct and settle international B2B electronic commerce in case of solving the above problems. And, where the cargo arrives ahead of the B/L, the importer cannot take delivery of the cargo without the B/L. This situation is referred to as the B/L dilemma. But the BOLERO system will resolve this B/L dilemma. Bolero Project is developing a cross industry utility platform for the secure, electronic transfer of commercial trade information world wide.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-180
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• 2007

The electronic bill of lading system replacing with traditional paper B/L has been evolved from SeaDocs and CMI to Bolero system. Therefore e-B/L is considered as an evolving concept rather than fixed one because it has been changed with development of information technology. Bolero system designed to replicate all functions of a paper B/L has some limitation to be utilized as an e-B/L in changing international business arena because it has a centralized model. Therefore it is considered to be important that the current e-B/L operating system needs to be diversified. This paper aims to provide three types of the operating model of global e-B/L to be applied with feasible solution coping with the current problems, which is expected to contribute to the utilization of electronic bill of lading.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.119-140
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• 2005

The purpose of this article is to study on the electronic bill of lading in the electronic trade era. The term 'electronic trade' means all or part of any such trade as implemented by means of apparatus having the information processing capability, such as a computer, and networks of information and communications. The introduction of an electronic bill of lading has long been considered essential by the members of the international trading community as a key means of reducing its costly reliance on paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.619-622
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 진화 전략 알고리즘(Evolution Strategy Algorithm)를 이용한 L1B4 선형 초음파 모터(L1B4-USM)의 최적 설계 기법을 제시하고자 한다. 유한요소법(Finite Element Method)을 정식화 하였고, 2차원 유한요소법을 L1B4-USM의 임피던스와 모드의 해석을 통해 검증 하였다. 검증된 2차원 유한 요소 해석을 통한 선형 초음파 모터의 임피던스 해석, mode 해석 및 최적 모드의 탐색 프로그램, 자동 요소분할 프로그램 그리고 진화 전략 알고리즘을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 선형 초음파 모터의 L1모드, B4 모드 각각이 발생하는 공진주파수를 일치시키며, 최대 속도를 얻기 위한 최적 설계기법을 완성 하였고, 최적화된 형상의 L1B4-USM를 설계하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.820-825
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• 2008

A method to improve isolation characteristics of internal MIMO antenna systems for wireless portable devices operating in the $2.3{\sim}2.4$ GHz band is presented. The proposed system incorporates multiple pairs of L-slots between the two antennas in the ground plane, which operate like a band-stop filter, suppressing mutual coupling between the antennas and resulting in improved isolation. A MIMO antenna system with 6 pairs of L-slots shows reflection loss of -26.4 dB and isolation of -37.5 dB.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.545-562
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• 2012

This study tried to analyzed the relationship outcome and commitment in order to suggest to a outcome for commitment decision-making of e-trade. 6 hypothesis were constructed for analysis based on previous literature review. The subject of this study is to analyse on electronic trade practice outcome on the international trade practice commitment. This paper investigates the outcome determinants of e-trade commitment. There are 250 sended samples and 188 returns, 168 of them are analyzed on commitment for a electronic trade outcome. The first, multiple regression result shows that the international trade practice outcome are positively affected by the "Overseas market research commitment", "e-L/C Practice commitment", "Clearance Practice commitment", "e-B/L or global logistic commitment", "Payment or e-Nego commitment". However, The "Commerce practice commitment" factors does not affect in the electronic trade practice outcome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 SoP-L(System on Package-Laminates) 기술을 이용하여 이종의 유전율을 가진 유기물 적층 기반의 수동소자를 이용한 GSM/DCS 대역 분리용 diplexer를 설계, 제작하였고 그 특성을 고찰하였다. SoP-L 기술은 LTCC기술과 같은 타 SoP 기술과 비교해서 이종의 물질을 접합하는데 용이하고 공정비용이 저렴하다. 이러한 장점을 이용하여 캐때시터는 유전율 40의 고유전율 재료를 사이에 두고 구성하였고, 인덕터 부문에는 유전율 4률 적용, 정방혈 스파이럴 구조로 두 개 층으로 구성하여 소형화를 이룰 수 있었다. 제작 시에 구리와 유기물을 적층, patterning 하였고, 수직 via hole 을 형성하고 구리의 무전해, 전해 도금 과정을 거쳐 각 소자를 연결하였다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐 제작된 diplexer의 GSM 저역 통과 필터는 0.52 dB이하의 삽입손실과 20 dB 이상의 반사손실을 가지고 DCS 통과 대역 부근에 notch 가 존재하도록 설계함으로써 DCS 통과 대역에서 17 dB 이상의 저지특성을 나타내었다. DCS 고역 통과 필터는 1.2 dB 이하의 삽입손실과 16 dB 이상의 반사손실을 가지며 GSM 통과 대역 부근에 notch를 가지도록 설계하여 GSM 통과대역에서 32 dB 이상의 저지특성을 나타내었다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.23
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• pp.249-288
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• 2004

The active use of the container vessel has brought with it high speed and reduced transit time ; however, the system of delivering the goods via B/L at the destination has lagged behind technical advances, becoming a burden to today's international traders, especially consignees and/or importers. More recently the sea waybill(SWB), that is to say an ocean-type AWB, has come on the scene. In Europe and the USA the use of SWB has increased significantly, but has also left room for improvement due to its short history of use. However, Recently, more attention is paid to SWB as a means to solve the B/L Crisis is getting more and more serious. In addition, due to its non-negotiability, the sea waybill could easily be replaced by messages sent between the interested parties by Electronic Data Interchange. With the paper document, transfer of title is fulfilled by transferring the original bill of lading to the buyer of the goods. However, in an electronic environment this is difficult to replicate. A number of solutions have been investigated, including using an electronic bill of lading, by controlling changes in title to goods through irrevocable, but transferable instructions to the carrier, or by appointing an independent electronic data registry, or replacing the bill of lading with a sea waybill, which is non-negotiable. The purpose of this study is to investigate some problems which may hinder SWB from coming into wide use and to analyse how to solve problems due to introduction of electronic sea waybill.