• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2021

To cope with automobile exhaust gas regulations, ISG (Idling Stop & Go) and charging control systems are applied to HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) for the purpose of improving fuel economy. These systems require quick charge/discharge performance at high current. To satisfy this characteristic, improvement of the positive electrode plate is studied to improve the charge/discharge process and performance of AGM(Absorbent Glass Mat) lead-acid batteries applied to ISG automotive systems. The bonding between grid and A.M (Active Material) can be improved by applying the Sand-Blasting method to provide roughness to the surface of the positive grid. When the Sand-Blasting method is applied with conditions of ball speed 1,000 rpm and conveyor speed 5 M/min, ideal bonding is achieved between grid and A.M. The positive plate of each condition is applied to the AGM LAB (Absorbent Glass Mat Lead Acid Battery); then, the performance and ISG life characteristics are tested by the vehicle battery test method. In CCA, which evaluates the starting performance at -18 ℃ and 30 ℃ with high current, the advanced AGM LAB improves about 25 %. At 0 ℃ CA (Charge Acceptance), the initial charging current of the advanced AGM LAB increases about 25 %. Improving the bonding between the grid and A.M. by roughening the grid surface improves the flow of current and lowers the resistance, which is considered to have a significant effect on the high current charging/discharging area. In a Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test, after 300 A discharge, the voltage of the advanced AGM LAB with the Sand-Blasting method grid was 0.059 V higher than that of untreated grid. As the cycle progresses, the gap widens to 0.13 V at the point of 10,800 cycles. As the bonding between grid and A.M. increases through the Sand Blasting method, the slope of the discharge voltage declines gradually as the cycle progresses, showing excellent battery life characteristics. It is believed that system will exhibit excellent characteristics in the vehicle environment of the ISG system, in which charge/discharge occurs over a short time.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2015

A heavy oil of low quality has been mainly used in the diesel engine of the merchant ship as the oil price has been significantly jumped for several years. Thus, a combustion chamber of the engine has been often exposed to severely corrosive environment more and more because temperature of the exhaust gas of the combustion chamber has been getting higher and higher with increasing of using the heavy oil of low quality. As a result, wear and corrosion of the engine parts such as exhaust valve, piston crown and cylinder head surrounded with combustion chamber are more serious compared to the other parts of the engine. Therefore, an optimum repair welding for these engine parts is very important to prolong their lifetime in a economical point of view. In this study, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo filler metal was welded with SMAW method in the forged steel which would be generally used with piston crown material. And the corrosion properties of weld metal, heat affected and base metal zones were investigated using electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram and impedance etc. in 35% $H_2SO_4$ solution. The weld metal and base metal zones exhibited the highest and lowest values of hardness respectively. And, the corrosion resistance of the heat affected and weld metal zones was also increased than that of the base metal zone. Furthermore, it appeared that the corrosive products with red color and local corrosion like as a pitting corrosion were more frequently observed on the surface of the base metal zone compared to the heat affected and weld metal zones. Consequently, it is suggested that the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of the piston crown can be predominantly improved by repair welding method using the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo electrode.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.343-344
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• 2012

It has been known since the mid 1960s that Ag can be photodissolved in chalcogenide glasses to form materials with interesting technological properties. In the 40 years since, this effect has been used in diverse applications such as the fabrication of relief images in optical elements, micro photolithographic schemes, and for direct imaging by photoinduced Ag surface deposition. ReRAM, also known as conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM), is a resistive switching memory based on non-volatile formation and dissolution of a conductive filament in a solid electrolyte. Especially, Ag-doped chalcogenide glasses and thin films have become attractive materials for fundamental research of their structure, properties, and preparation. Ag-doped chalcogenide glasses have been used in the formation of solid electrolyte which is the active medium in ReRAM devices. In this paper, we investigated the nature of thin films formed by the photo-dissolution of Ag into Ge-Se glasses for use in ReRAM devices. These devices rely on ion transport in the film so produced to create electrically programmable resistance states. [1-3] We have demonstrated functionalities of Ag doped chalcogenide glasses based on their capabilities as solid electrolytes. Formation of such amorphous systems by the introduction of Ag+ ions photo-induced diffusion in thin chalcogenide films is considered. The influence of Ag+ ions is regarded in terms of diffusion kinetics and Ag saturation is related to the composition of the hosting material. Saturated Ag+ ions have been used in the formation of conductive filaments at the solid electrolyte which is the active medium in ReRAM devices. Following fabrication, the cell displays a metal-insulator-metal structure. We measured the I-V characteristics of a cell, similar results were obtained with different via sizes, due to the filamentary nature of resistance switching in ReRAM cell. As the voltage is swept from 0 V to a positive top electrode voltage, the device switches from a high resistive to a low resistive, or set. The low conducting, or reset, state can be restored by means of a negative voltage sweep where the switch-off of the device usually occurs.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.439-439
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• 2012

태양광 발전은 발전 셀의 특성상 태양광의 일사량, 태양과 셀 단면이 이루는 각도에 따라서 발전량의 차이를 가져온다. 실리콘 태양전지의 전면 texturing은 입사광의 반사율을 크게 감소시키고, 태양전지 내에서 빛의 통과길이를 증가시켜 태양전지 내의 흡수하는 빛의 양을 증가 시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 전면 texturing은 단락전류를 증대시키는 효과를 가지고 온다. 일반적으로 texturing은 alkaline etching (WET) 공정과 reactive ion etching (RIE) 공정이 사용된다. 그리고 다결정 실리콘 태양전지의 경우에는 재료의 결정방향에 따라 식각이 되어지는 WET 공정의 경우 texturing 모양을 제어할 수 없어 효과적이지 못하는 결과를 가지고 온다. 본 연구에서는 Electroluminescence을 측정하여 RIE, WET 공정을 사용하여 만든 texturing 구조의 다결정 태양전지의 Microcrack 및 Defect, Electrode Failure, Hot spot등을 검출하였으며, ${\mu}$-PCD 측정 결과와 비교 분석하여 Micro carrier life time을 유추하여 계산하였다. 또한 반사율을 측정해본 결과 WET 공정 대비 RIE의 경우 단파장영역에서 반사율이 크게 감소하여, 상대적으로 높은 External quantum efficiency (EQE)가 측정되었다. 이는 Jsc를 증가시켜, 태양전지의 효율이 증가되는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2016

The work presented in this report was a detailed comparative study of the electrochemical response exhibited by graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries having different physical features. A comprehensive morphological and physical characterization was carried out for these graphite samples via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Later, the electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge testing and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique for these graphite samples as negative electrode materials in battery operation. The results demonstrated that a material having a higher crystalline order exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties when evaluated in terms of rate-capability performance. All these materials were investigated at high C-rates ranging from 0.1C up to 10C. Such improved response was attributed to the crystalline morphology providing short layers, which facilitate rapid Li⁺ ions diffusivity and electron transport during the course of battery operation. The values obtained for the electrical conductivity of these graphite anodes support this possible explanation.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2016

바나듐 전해질 산화-환원 흐름전지(vanadium redox flow batteries, VRFBs)는 간헐적 에너지 저장 시스템의 에너지 저장장치로 사용된다. VRFBs는 재료 및 동작조건에 따라 성능의 차이를 보이며, 각 성능특성에 따른 VRFBs개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에 사용된 단위셀은 반응면적 $25cm^2$이며, 전해액은 0.6의 충전상태를 나타낸다. 방전전류밀도를 0에서 $520mA/cm^2$ 까지 변화시키면서 동시에 전해질 유량도 5mL/min에서 60mL/min까지 변화시켰다. 동일한 입구 전해액 상태에 따른 방전 성능 평가를 위해 4개의 탱크를 사용한 비순환 시스템을 구축하였다. 본 논문은 유량 및 전류밀도의 변화에 대한 단자전압을 측정하였으며, $25cm^2$ 반응면적을 가지는 바나듐계 산화-환원 유동전지 시스템의 최대전류밀도에 대한 실험식을 도출하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.180-180
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• 2015

Solution processed Resistive random access memory (ReRAM)은 간단한 공정 과정, 고집적도, 저렴한 가격, 대면적화 플라즈마 데미지 최소화 등의 장점으로 차세대 비휘발성 메모리로 써 많은 관심을 받고 있으며, 주로 high-k 물질인 HfOx, TiOx, ZnO 가 이용 된다. IGZO와 ZTO와 같은 산화물 반도체는 높은 이동도, 대면적화, 넓은 밴드갭으로 인하여 투명한 장점으로 LCDs (Liquid crystal displays)에 이용 가능하며, 최근에는 IGZO와 ZTO에서 Resistive Switching (RS) 특성을 확인한 논문이 보고되면서 IGZO와 ZTO를 ReRAM의 switching medium와 TFT의 active material로써 동시에 활용하는 것에 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이와 같은 산화물 반도체는 flat panel display 회로에 TFT와 ReRAM의 active layer로써 집적가능 하며 systems-on-panels (SOP)에 적용 가능하다. 하지만 IGZO 보다는 ZTO가 In과 Ga을 포함하지 않기 때문에 저렴하다. 그러므로 IGZO를 대신하는 물질로 ZTO가 각광 받고 있다. 본 실험에서는 ZTO film에 Al을 doping하여 메모리 특성을 평가하였다. 실험 방법으로는 p-type Si에 습식산화를 통하여 SiO2를 300 nm 성장시킨 기판을 사용하였다. 그리고 Electron beam evaporator를 이용하여 Ti를 10 nm, Pt를 100 nm 증착 한다. 용액은 Zn와 Tin의 비율을 1:1로 고정한 후 Al의 비율을 0, 0.1, 0.2의 비율로 용액을 각각 제작하였다. 이 용액을 이용하여 Pt 위에 spin coating방법을 이용하여 1000 rpm 10초, 6000 rpm 30초의 조건으로 AZTO (Al-ZnO-Tin-Oxide) 박막을 증착한 뒤, solvent 및 불순물 제거를 위하여 $250^{\circ}C$의 온도로 30분 동안 열처리를 진행하였다. 이후 Electron beam evaporator를 이용하여 top electrode인 Ti를 100 nm 증착하였다. 제작된 메모리의 전기적 특성은 HP 4156B semiconductor parameter analyzer를 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정 결과, AZTO (0:1:1, 0.1:1:1, 0.2:1:1)를 이용하여 제작한 ReRAM에서 RS특성을 얻었으며 104 s이상의 신뢰성 있는 data retention특성을 확인하였다. 그리고 Al의 비율이 증가할수록 on/off ratio가 증가하고 endurance 특성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 Al을 doping함으로써 ZTO film의 메모리 특성을 향상 시켰으며 AZTO film을 메모리와 트랜지스터의 active layer로써 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2010

This paper describes a multi channel measurement system which can measure the cellular respiration level in a solution containing cells by using a Clark-type sensor with the solution temperature control unit. The Clark-type sensor can measure the cellular respiration level in the solution because it can measure the reduction current depending on the dissolved oxygen level in the solution. This measurement system was maintained the temperature within ${\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$ of the setting temperature value by on/off control method in order to measure the precise cellular respiration level. The measurement system showed that the applied voltage to the working electrode was very stable(-0.8 V$\pm$ 0.0071 V) by using proportional control method. From the current measurement, the response time and the linearity correlation coefficient were 25 sec and 0.94, respectively, which are very close to the results of the commercial product. Using this system and the fabricated Clarktype sensor, the average ratio of the uncoupled OCR(oxygen consumption rate) to the coupled OCR was 1.35 and this is almost the same as that obtained from a commercial systems.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.681-686
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• 2010

Two different MFC designs were evaluated in batch mode: single compartment combined membrane-electrodes (SCME) design and twin-compartment brush-type anode electrodes (TBE) design (single chamber with two air cathodes and brush anodes at each side of the reactor). In SCME MFC, carbon anode and cathode electrodes were assembled with a proton exchange membrane (PEM). TBE MFC was consisted of brush-type anode and carbon cloth cathode electrodes without the PEM. A brush-type anode was fabricated with carbon fibers and was placed close to the cathode electrode to reduce the internal resistance. Substrates used in this study were glucose, leachate from cattle manure, or sucrose at different concentrations with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of 200 mM to increase the conductivity thereby reduce the internal resistance. Hydrogen generating bacteria (HGB) were only inoculated in TBE MFC. The peak power densities ($P_{peak}$) produced from the SCME systems fed with glucose and leachate were 18.8 and $28.7mW/m^2$ at external loads of 1000 ohms, respectively. And the $P_{peak}$ produced from TBE MFC were 40.1 and $18.3mW/m^2$ at sucrose concentration of 5 g/L and external loads of 470 ohms, with a mediator (2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) and without the mediator, respectively. The maximum power density ($P_{max}$) produced from mediator present TBE MFC was $115.3mW/m^2$ at 47 ohms of an external resistor.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.107-123
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• 2003

본 연구는 0가 철 (ZVI)의 설치위치와 전극의 배열에 따른 다양한 조합의 전기적 투수성 반응벽을 대상으로 트리클로로에틸렌의 탈염소화 반응에 의한 정화시 ZVI의 부식에 기인하는 광물상침전물에 대해 알아보고, 이에 대한 조절 요소를 알아보고자 한다. 광물학적 연구 결과, 지하수 유입부의 ZVI 시료는 상대적으로 많은 레피도크로사이트, 훼리하이드라이트 혹은 철 수산화물과 (phospho)siderite가 산출되는 반면, 용출부의 ZVI 시료는 아카가나이트, 자철석/마그헤마이트, 그리고 중간 산물인 green rust (CR) I 과 CR II가 산출되었다. 이러한 광물 조합의 변화는 용존 산소 및 pH의 상승에 주로 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전기적 투수성 반응벽 내에 산출되는 광물상 침전물들의 조절 요소들은 (1) pH, (2) 용존산소, (3) 철의 부식시 중간 산물, (4) 음이온 종류 등으로 밝혀졌다.