• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.174-174
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• 2014

Memristor devices are one of the most promising candidate approaches to next-generation memory technologies. Memristive switching phenomena usually rely on repeated electrical resistive switching between non-volatile resistance states in an active material under the application of an electrical stimulus, such as a voltage or current. Recent reports have explored the use of variety of external operating parameters, such as the modulation of an applied magnetic field, temperature, or illumination conditions to activate changes in the memristive switching behaviors. Among these possible choices of signal controlling factors of memristor, photon is particularly attractive because photonic signals are not only easier to reach directly over long distances than electrical signal, but they also efficiently manage the interactions between logic devices without any signal interference. Furthermore, due to the inherent wave characteristics of photons, the facile manipulation of the light ray enables incident light angle controlled memristive switching. So that, in the tautological sense, device orienting position with regard to a photon source determines the occurrence of memristive switching as well. To demonstrate this position controlled memory device functionality, we have fabricated a metal-semiconductor-metal memristive switching nanodevice using ZnO nanorods. Superhydrophobicity employed in this memristor gives rise to illumination direction selectivity as an extra controlling parameter which is important feature in emerging. When light irradiates from a point source in water to the surface treated device, refraction of light ray takes place at the water/air interface because of the optical density differences in two media (water/air). When incident light travels through a higher refractive index medium (water; n=1.33) to lower one (air; n=1), a total reflection occurs for incidence angles over the critical value. Thus, when we watch the submerged NW arrays at the view angles over the critical angle, a mirror-like surface is observed due to the presence of air pocket layer. From this processes, the reversible switching characteristics were verified by modulating the light incident angle between the resistor and memristor.

• 센서학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.317-327
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 시료가 갖는 pH값의 2차원 분포를 효과적으로 측정하기 위하여, 회전 격자를 이용한 변조 광을 LAPS에 주사함으로써 PH이미지를 검출하는 방법을 제안하였다. 이는 회전 격자를 이용하여 각 픽셀별로 다른 주파수로 변조된 광을 조사하고 이에 따른 광 전류의 주파수 성분별 진폭을 계산함으로써 한 행의 신호 성분을 동시에 측정할 수 있다. 제안된 검출방법을 실험하기 위하여 LAPS의 특성을 고려한 회전격자를 설계 제작하고 제작된 회전 격자와 패턴 영상을 이용한 주파수성분 분석에 의해 이미지를 검출하였다. 실험 결과로부터 회전 격자를 이용한 제안된 검출 방식이 약22-24dB의 PSNR을 가지는 $30{\times}30$화소의 이미지를 기존의 방식보다 30배 빨리 측정할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2012

본 논문은 천이 검출기를 이용하여 아날로그-디지털 변환기(ADC)의 정적 파라미터를 테스트 하는 내장 자체 테스트 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 ADC의 정적 테스트에서 가장 널리 사용되는 히스토그램 방법을 대체할 수 있다. 입력되는 테스트 신호는 상향 램프 신호를 사용하며 오프셋, 게인, INL(Integral Non-Linearity), DNL(Differential Non-Linearity)과 같은 정적 파라미터를 테스트 할 수 있다. 제안하는 방법은 실제 테스트 환경에서 랜덤 노이즈에 의해 발생할 수 있는 천이 구간 문제를 해결할 수 있으며, 테스트 스펙으로 주어지는 오차 허용 범위의 다양한 경우에 대해서 효율적으로 테스트를 수행할 수 있다. 실험 결과는 제안하는 방법이 정적 테스트를 올바르게 수행하는 것과, 기존 방법에 비해 하드웨어 오버헤드가 줄어드는 것을 보여준다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2011년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.331-334
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• 2011

본 연구는 근육의 기능을 조절하는 신경말단에 전기적인 자극을 가하여 신경의 반응 정도를 측정하는 플랫폼 구현에 관란 연구로써, 전기 자극에 대한 신경반응이 가해지는 전류량, 가해진느 전류지속시간, 전극위치에 따른 반응을 측정하였다. 신경자극의 전극 위치는 표면 말단에 운동신경이면 어느 신경이든지 가능하고, 신경자극 양식에는 단순연축자극, 사연속자극, 두 집단 발사자극이 있다. 임베디드 시스템기반으로 가기위한 저전력 MCU를 선정하고, 기본적인 신경자극반응 측정 센서의 민감도를 알아보기 위해 센서 인터페이스를 구성하여 반응정도를 측정해야 한다. 그리고 측정된 Data의 정확도를 높이기 위해 고성능의 AD Convertor 선정하여 플랫폼을 구현하였다. 또한 본 논문의 플랫폼은 의료기기용으로 개발되었기 때문에 시스템 이용자의 안전을 고려하여 전원회로 구성 시 전원 Isolation를 고려하여 설계하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study is to find the location of acupoints that are effective for increasing parasympathetic nervous system(PNS) activity among acupoints used to relieve symptoms such as dizziness and nausea. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy adult men participated in this experiment. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) was applied to P6(Neiguan), ST36(Zusanli) and BL20(Pishu) for 30 minutes. For 5 minutes before and after stimulation, Electrocardiogram(ECG), Electrodermal activity(EDA), Respiration, and Skin temperature(SKT) were measured using biosignalsplux Professional(biosignalsplux; Portugal). Paired t-test was performed for the results before and after stimulation, and a one-way ANOVA test between stimulations was performed for the rate of change before and after stimulation. Results: When each acupoint was stimulated with TENS, it was found that the PNS was generally activated. In addition, when considering the change in biosignals after stimulation, the participants stimulated with P6 showed the most consistent results. Conclusion: As a result of stimulating each acupoint, it was found that stimulating P6 can effectively increase PNS activity. These results indicate that methods of stimulating P6 may be most effective in alleviating symptoms of motion sickness.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different frequency on of knee extensors muscle function during electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). Method: In this research, 40 subjects who have no musculoskeletal disorder, and less than a year workout experience were recruited in order to analyze effects of EMS with different stimulus frequency. Forty subjects were randomly divided into four groups of ten subjects in each group. A EMS training program with different frequencies (without EMS [WE], EMS with frequency 30 Hz [E30], EMS with frequency 60 Hz [E60], EMS with frequency 90 Hz [E90]) was assigned to each group. Throughout eight weeks of training, test subjects were simultaneously carried out knee extension exercises such as squat, leg extension, and leg-press while using EMS with different frequency (20 min, pulse width 250 ㎲, on-off ratio 1:1). Isokinetic knee extension strength, muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), the vastus medialis (VM), and the vastus lateralis (VL), and the median frequency of the RF, the VM, and the VL were collected and compared between pre and post training in order to find effects of applying EMS with different frequencies. For each dependent variable, a one-way ANOVA was to determine whether there were significant differences among four different conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results: When compared to WE and E90, E30 causes significant increase in isokinetic knee extension strength. No significant differences were found in EMG values across different EMS conditions. However, the median frequency of the VM in E30 was significantly increased than the corresponding value for WE. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that EMS training with 30 Hz frequency had positive effect on knee extensor. Based of the findings of the present study, EMS training with lower frequency may help the performer to focus on developing strength in knee extensor muscles.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.471-477
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• 1999

전기자극을 이용한 청각시스템의 진단 및 치료방법에 대하여 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔으나 전기자극이 청각 시스템을 통하여 전달되어지는 과정에 대한 이해가 부족하였기 때문에 표준화된 방법이나 이론적인 배경이 없이 자극조건이 선택되어져 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험동물에 이명을 유발시킨 상태에서 전기자극이 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 ABRrhk ECochG의 변화를 통해서 관찰하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 9마리의 guinea pig를 Jastreboff 이명 유발 모델에 다라 salicylate를 이용하여 이명을 유발시킨후 전기자극을 가한 5마리를 실험군(A) 으로하고, 대조군(B)으로는 전기자극을 가하지 않은 4마리의 guinea pig를 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 실험조건은 이명유발 이전과 이명유발 1시간, 6시간, 12시간 후로 구분하였고, 각 실험조건에서 ABR과 ECochG를 검출하여 각 파형을 rms 값을 기준으로 정규화한 후 자기상관계수를 계산하여 전기자극을 인가하였을 때의 값들의 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 ABR의 경우에는 이명이 유발된 상태에서 6시간 이후의변수 갑싱 급격히 증가하였다가 12시간이 되면서 최초의 상태로 돌아가고, 전기자극을 인가하였을 때는 이명유발 이전 상태에서의 값을 계속 유지하고 있었다. 그리고, ECochG의 경우에는 전기자극의 효과가 12시간 이후에 나타남을 확인하였다. 즉, 본 실험을 통하여 이명유발 모델에 전기자극을 인가하였을 때의 효과를 ABR과 ECochG 상관분석을 통하여 확인하였다.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2010

Various electrophysiological tests have provided a large body of valuable information on neuronal responses to a presented stimulus. The special and general somatic sensory pathways are main targets of evoked potentials. Two types of evoked potentials, exogenous and endogenous, are commonly used. Exogenous evoked potentials of general and special somatic sensory systems will be reviewed. One of general somatic sensory functional pathways, proprioception, can be evaluated by general somatosensory evoked potentials with electrical stimulation on nerves. The special somatosensory functional pathways, including vision, and audition, can be evaluated by visual evoked potentials and auditory evoked potentials. Also laser-evoked potentials are newly developed for pain pathway, including lateral spinothalamic pathway, and vestibular myogenic evoked potentials for sacculocollic pathways. The evoked potentials of sensory system have maximal clinical utility in evaluating functional deficits along the sensory pathways. They are used for evaluating comatose patients, hysterical patients, premature infants, patients with suspected demyelinating diseases or neoplasms, and research. We discuss the neurophysiologic tests of sensory systems in views of practical points. The organized evaluation of sensory electrophysiologic tests can be helpful in detecting and estimating the abnormalities in neurological diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2009

For successful restoration of visual function by a visual neural prosthesis such as retinal implant, electrical stimulation should evoke neural responses so that the informat.ion on visual input is properly represented. A stimulation strategy, which means a method for generating stimulation waveforms based on visual input, should be developed for this purpose. We proposed to use the decoding of visual input from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses for the evaluation of stimulus encoding strategy. This is based on the assumption that reliable encoding of visual information in RGC responses is required to enable successful visual perception. The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inter-dependence among stimulated RGCs activities on decoding accuracy. Light intensity variations were decoded from multiunit RGC spike trains using an optimal linear filter. More accurate decoding was possible when different types of RGCs were used together as input. Decoding accuracy was enhanced with independently firing RGCs compared to synchronously firing RGCs. This implies that stimulation of independently-firing RGCs and RGCs of different types may be beneficial for visual function restoration by retinal prosthesis.