• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.236-240
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• 2017

In this paper, we investigate the thermal response of skin tissue to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) by means of infrared (IR) thermal imaging. For skin tightening, a 7-MHz ultrasound transducer is used to induce irreversible tissue coagulation in porcine skin. An IR camera is employed to monitor spatiotemporal changes of the temperature in the tissue. The maximum temperature in the tissue increased linearly with applied energy, up to $90^{\circ}C$. The extent of irreversible tissue coagulation (up to 3.2 mm in width) corresponds well to the spatial distribution of the temperature during HIFU sonication. Histological analysis confirms that the temperature beyond the coagulation threshold (${\sim}65^{\circ}C$) delineates the margin of collagen denaturation in the tissue. IR thermal imaging can be a feasible method for quantifying the degree of thermal coagulation in HIFU-induced skin treatment.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1061-1071
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• 2018

From Xenopus embryo studies, the BMP4/Smad1-targeted gene circuit is a key signaling pathway for specifying the cell fate between the ectoderm and neuro-ectoderm as well as the ventral and dorsal mesoderm. In this context, several BMP4/Smad1 target transcriptional factors have been identified as repressors of the neuro-ectoderm. However, none of these direct target transcription factors in this pathway, including GATA1b, Msx1 and Ventx1.1 have yet been proven as direct repressors of early neuro-ectodermal gene expression. In order to demonstrate that Ventx1.1 is a direct repressor of neuro-ectoderm genes, a genome-wide Xenopus ChIP-Seq of Ventx1.1 was performed. In this study, we demonstrated that Ventx1.1 bound to the Ventx1.1 response cis-acting element 1 and 2 (VRE1 and VRE2) on the promoter for zic3, which is a key early neuro-ectoderm gene, and this Ventx1.1 binding led to repression of zic3 transcription. Site-directed mutagenesis of VRE1 and VRE2 within zic3 promoter completely abolished the repression caused by Ventx1.1. In addition, we found both the positive and negative regulation of zic3 promoter activity by FoxD5b and Xcad2, respectively, and that these occur through the VREs and via modulation of Ventx1.1 levels. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the BMP4/Smad1 target gene, Ventx1.1, is a direct repressor of neuro-ectodermal gene zic3 during early Xenopus embryogenesis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 2019

In this study, an antioxidant was extracted from dandelion leaves using traditional hot water and ultrasonic extraction methods. In order to optimize the extraction yield and total flavonoid, an antioxidant, Box-Behnken design (BBD) model among response surface analysis methods was used. In the case of hot water extraction, the extraction temperature and time as well as the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water were set as variables, and for the ultrasonic extraction, the ultrasonic survey century and irradiation time and the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water were variables. Optimum extraction conditions in the hot water extraction method were the extraction temperature and time of $45.76^{\circ}C$ and 1.75 h and the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water of 41.92 vol.%. While for the ultrasonic extraction method the survey century of 512.63 W, the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water of 56.97 vol.% and the extraction time of 20.79 min were optimum conditions. Expected reaction yield and flavonoid content values under the optimized condition were calculated as 22.09 wt.% and 28.98 mg QE/mL dw, respectively. In addition, the error value of less than 3% was obtained validating our optimization process.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1096-1099
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose the protocol for construction of smart factory. The proposed protocol for construction of smart factory consists of an OPC UA Server/Client, a technology of TSN realtime communication, a NTP & PTP time synchronization protocol, a FieldBus protocol and conversion module, a technology of saving data for data transmit latency and synchronization protocol. OPC UA server/client is a system integration protocol which makes interface industrial hardware device and supports standardization which allows in all around area and also in not independent from any platform. A technology of TSN realtime communication provides an high sensitive time management and control technology in a way of sharing specific time between devices in the field of high speed network. NTP & PTP time synchronization protocol supports IEEE1588 standardization. A fieldbus protocol and conversion module provide an extendable connectivity by converting industrial protocol to OPC. A technology of saving data for data transmit latency and synchronization protocol provide a resolution function for a loss and latency of data. Results from testing agencies to assess the performance of proposed protocol for construction of smart factory, response time was 0.1367ms, synchronization time was 0.404ms, quantity of concurrent access was 100ea, quantity of interacting protocol was 5ea, data saving and synchronization was 1,000 nodes. It produced the same result as the world's highest level.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1088-1091
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• 2019

In this paper, a real-time monitoring system for environmental safety by living area is proposed. The proposed system is designed to measure radiation, fine dust and basic living information (temperature) using fixed and mobile measuring equipment, and constitutes a web database that stores data received from the equipment. It also develops web programs for displaying received data on PCs and mobile phones. The results of testing the performance of the system by an authorized testing agency showed that the radiation measurement range was measured in the range of $10{\mu}Sv/h$ to 10mSv/h, which is comparable to the world's highest level, and that the accuracy was measured between ${\pm}6.7$ and ${\pm}8.7$ percent of the measurement uncertainty was measured and normal operation at or below the international standard of ${\pm}15$ percent. In addition, the temperature test was conducted on a section of $-20^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$ and normal operation was confirmed in response to the temperature change. Stability of radiated electromagnetic waves was ensured by a suitable judgment. The product's testing in general and high and low temperature environments for about four months after the prototype was made confirmed to be more than five years of durability. The measurement range and accuracy of fine dust sensors are compared with those of companies that measure the air environment, and the performance level is similar through the air quality measurement register.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.289-305
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to check the importance of higher level, sub higher level and lower alternative factor and the factor for relieved life and also check the comprehensive priority in executed "Safety and relieved life level improvement of apartment house residents by AHP analysis". Method: The safety management evaluation elements and alternatives have been arranged as hierarchical structure based on the preceding studies and the advice of experts for the maintenance and system of apartment house in this study. Study model is used for the survey of pair wise comparison composition targeting experts and AHP analysis method is used for alternative plan ranking, etc. Result: The response result of survey secured the consistency and it is confirmed that safety inspection for apartment house electricity facility is most important for higher level, safety inspection, detailed inspection and diagnosis evaluation are most important for sub higher level and plumbing equipments is most important for alternatives based on the analysis result of relative weight comparison for sub higher level and alternatives for final goal attainment of the study. Conclusion: Plumbing equipments, crime prevention safety and electrical safety are shown as top priority alternatives when observe it with expert manager's point of view for apartment house. It shows that securing the importance of living safety accident and deciding the level of relieved life can be improved are the alternatives of pre-prevention and management strengthening.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.625-642
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• 2022

Objectives: Postoperative ileus (POI) is a common impairment of gastrointestinal motility and causes a delay in postoperative recovery, as well as an increased length of hospital stay, but no single strategy has a significant recuperative effect on POI. Studies of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) have reported improvements in bowel function after surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of TKM on postoperative ileus in gastric cancer patients. Methods: We used six databases to search for studies published from January 1, 2007, until May 11, 2022. The included studies were those reporting gastric cancer patients who received TKM treatment after gastrectomy through indicators related to POI. Results: The search identified 27 RCTs that used herbal medicine (Daegeonjung-tang and Gami-leejoongtang), herbal medicine combined with acupuncture (Sama-tang, Gumiseunggi-tang, Daeseunggi-tang, and Insam-tang), acupuncture, acupuncture and moxibustion, electroacupuncture, warm needling, transcutaneous electroacupuncture (TEA), low-frequency electrical acupoint stimulation (LEAS), moxibustion, auricular acupressure, and ST-36 acupoint injection with neostigmine as treatments for POI. The time to first flatus was shortened by herbal medicine combined with warm needling (Sama-tang, Gumiseunggi-tang, Daeseunggi-tang, and Insam-tang), acupuncture, electroacupuncture, warm needling, TEA, moxibustion, auricular acupressure, and ST-36 acupoint injection with neostigmine (p<0.00001). The time to the first defecation decreased significantly in response to the herbal medicine combined with warm needling (Sama-tang, Gumiseunggi-tang, Daeseunggi-tang, and Insam-tang), acupuncture, electroacupuncture, warm needling, TEA, moxibustion, auricular acupressure, and ST-36 acupoint injection with neostigmine (p<0.00001). No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusions: TKM could be a promising option for preventing and resolving POI in gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2022

In addition to the stack that directly generates electricity by the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, the fuel cell power generation system has a reformer that generates hydrogen from various fuels such as methanol and natural gas. It also consists of a power converter that converts the DC voltage generated in the stack into a stable AC voltage. The fuel cell output of such a system is direct current, and in order to be used at home, an inverter device that converts it into alternating current through a power converter is required. In addition, a DC-DC step-up converter is used to boost the fuel cell voltage to about 30~70V, which is the inverter operating voltage, to about 380V. The DC-DC step-up converter is a DC voltage variable device that exists between the fuel cell output and the inverter. Accordingly, since a constant output voltage of the converter is generated in response to a change in the output voltage of the fuel cell, the inverter can receive constant power regardless of the voltage change of the fuel cell. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the detailed hardware design of the full-bridge converter, which is the main power source of the inverter that receives the fuel cell output voltage (30~70V) as an input and is applied to the grid among the members of the fuel cell power generation system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1615-1615
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• 2001

During the past ten years, Near Infrared Spectroscopy has been successfully applied to the analysis of a great variety of agriculture products. Previous works (Morra et al., 1991; Salgo et al., 1998) have shown the potential of this technology for soil analysis, estimating different parameters just with one single scan. The main advantages of NIR applications in soils are the speed of response, allowing the increase of the number of samples analysed to define a particular soil, and the instantaneous elaboration of recommendations for fertilization and soil amendment. Another advantage is to avoid the use of chemical reagents at all, being an environmentally safe technique. In this paper, we have studied a set of 129 soil samples selected from representative glasshouse soils from Southern Spain. The samples were dried, milled, and sieved to pass a 2 mm sieve and then analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen (nitrate ammonium), hygroscopic humidity, pH and electrical conductivity in the 1:1 extract. NIR spectra of all samples were obtained in reflectance mode using a Foss NIR Systems 6500 spectrophotometer equipped with a spinning module. Calibration equations were developed for seven analytical parameters (ph, Total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, organic carbon, C/N ratio and Electric Conductivity). Preliminary results show good correlation coefficients and standard errors of cross validation in equations obtained for Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen and C/N ratio. Calibrations for nitrates and nitrites, ammonia and electric conductivity were not acceptable. Calibration obtained for pH had an acceptable SECV, but the determination coefficient was found very poor probably due to the reduced range in reference values. Since the estimation of Organic Carbon and C/N ratio are acceptable NIIRS could be used as a fast method to assess the necessity of organic amendments in soils from Mediterranean regions where the low level of organic matter in soils constitutes an important agronomic problem. Furthermore, the possibility of a single and fast estimation of Total Nitrogen (tedious determination by modifications of the Kjeldahl procedure) could provide and interesting data to use in the estimation of nitrogen fertilizer rates by means of nitrogen balances.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2023

In conventional liquid crystal display(LCD) manufacturing process, Indium Tin Oxide(ITO) as transparent electrode and rubbing process of polyimide as alignment layer are essential process to apply electric field and align liquid crystal molecules. However, there are some limits that deposition of ITO requires high vacuum state, and rubbing process might damage the device with tribolectric discharge. In this paper, we made nanocomposite with PEDOT:PSS and MWNT to replace ITO and constructed alignment layer by nano imprint lithography with nano wrinkle pattern, to replace rubbing process. These replacement made that only one PEDOT:PSS/MWNT film can function as two layers of ITO and polyimide alignment layer, which means simplification of process. Transferred nano wrinkle patterns functioned well as alignment layer, and we found out lowered threshold voltage and shortened response time as MWNT content increase, which is related to increment of electric conductivity of the film. Through this study, it may able to contribute to process simplification, reducing process cost, and suggesting a solution to disadvantage of rubbing process.