• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.213-224
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• 1979

The present work was undertaken: (1) to determine if CaO-partially stabilized $ZrO_2$ prepared by Hot Petroleum Drying Method would show better ionic conductor as an oxygen sensor in molten metals than that prepared by Oxide Wet Mixing Method and than CaO-fully stabilized $ZrO_2$, and (2) to understand the nature of conduction mechanism of CaO-partially stabilized $ZrO_2$ by a comparison of measured electrical conductivity data with theory on defect structure of pure monoclinic $ZrO_2$ and fully stabilized cubic $ZrO_2$. The DC electrical conductivity was measured by 3-probe technique and the AC electrical conductivity by 2-probe technique as a function of temperature in the range 973-1373 K and oxygen partial pressure in the range 10-1-10-25Mpa. The results of the experiments were as follows: 1. CaO-partially stabilized $ZrO_2$ prepared by Hot petroleum Drying Method showed at T=1094-1285 K and $Po_2$=10-7-10-25 MPa a nearly ionic conduction with 4 times higher conductivity than that prepared by Oxide Wet Mixing Method. 2. High-oxygen pressure conductivity tends toward a Po_2^{+1/5}-Po_2^{+1/6}$dependence. An analysis of possible defect structures suggests that CaO-partially stabilized $ZrO_2$ has an anti-Frenkel defect in which singly or doubly ionized oxygen interstitials and defect electrons predominate at T=1094-1285 K and $Po_2$=10-1-10-7MPa. 3. The activation energy for pure electron hole-conduction and ionic conduction of CaO-partially stabilized $ZrO_2$ was found to be 130 KJ/mol at T=973-1373 K, $Po_2$=2, 127 10-2 MPa(air) and 153KJ/mol at T=1094-1285 K respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.188-192
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• 2018

In this study, we fabricated an $NO_X$ gas sensor using a composite film of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/zinc oxide (ZnO). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show good electronic conductivity and chemical-stability, and zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor with a large exciton binding energy. Gas sensors require characteristics such as high speed, sensitivity, and selectivity. The fabricated gas sensor was used to detect $NO_X$ gas at different $NO_X$ concentrations. The sensitivity of the gas sensor increased with increasing gas concentrations. Additionally, while changing the temperature inside the chamber containing the MWCNT/ZnO gas sensor, we obtained the sensitivity and normalized responses for detecting $NO_X$ gas in comparison to ZnO and MWCNT film gas sensors. From the experimental results, we confirmed that the gas sensor sensing mechanism was enhanced in the composite-film gas-sensor and that the electronic interaction between MWCNT and ZnO contributed to the improved sensor performance.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.102-105
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• 2017

Currently, the size of the electronic device is in the nano area. In order to control the movements of these nanoscale devices, one should be able to understand the physical phenomena in the nano area. Recently, due to carbon nanotubes and mechanical outstanding electrical conductivity and mechanical characteristics of the carbon nanotubes and Graphene behaves to apply. Efforts have been active. There are various tubes with a radius of a in a compact mass in the form of a Multi walled carbon nanotubes in different between the radius. Van der Waals force can move smoothly without friction with each other by the nanoscale motor turning, using the properties, making. This is the lightest solids per unit area on the thickness is electrical atomic layer one of the substance and the electrical conductivity, the best material and mechanical characteristics are very much. Many studies because great is the ideal nanoelectromechanical device of material is being considered. In this study, electrical resonator for a new structure proposed and the nature and methodology would like to come up.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.229.2-229.2
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• 2014

Graphene, an allotrope of carbon, is a two-dimensional material having a unique electro-mechanical property that shows significant change of the electrical conductance under the applied strain. In addition of the extraordinary mechanical strength [1], graphene becomes a prospective candidate for pressure sensor technology [2]. However, very few investigations have been carried out to demonstrate characteristics of graphene sensor as a device form. In this study, we demonstrate a pressure sensor using graphene double layer as an active channel to generate electrical signal as the response of the applied vertical pressure. For formation of the active channel in the pressure sensor, two single graphene layers which are grown on Cu foil (25 um thickness) by the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are sequentially transformed to the poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS) substrate. Dry and wet transfer methods are individually employed for formation of the double layer graphene. This sensor geometry results a switching characteristic which shows ~900% conductivity change in response to the application of pulsed pressure of 5 kPa whose on and off duration is 3 sec. Additionally, the functional reliability of the sensor confirms consistent behavior with a 200-cycle test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.353-356
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• 1999

The electrical characteristics of fatty acid LB films were investigated to develop the gas sensor using Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) films which have high ordered orientation and ordering structure. The deposition status of fatty acid LB films were verified by the measurements of UV absorbance. The conductivity of fatty acid LB films for horizontal direction at room temperature was about $10^8[S/cm]$,/TEX>, which was correspond to semiconductor material. The activation energy for fatty acid LB films with respect to variation of temperature was about l.O[eV]. The response characteristics for organic gas were confirmed by measuring the response time, recovery time, and reproducibility of the fatty acid LB films to each organic gas. Also, the penetration and adsorption behavior of gas molecule were confirmed through the organic gas response characteristics of fatty acid LB films with respect to temperature.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.2867-2872
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• 2012

SAN/$BMIPF_6$ nanofibers were fabricated by an electrospinning process and used as chemiresistors for sensing alcohol vapours. A hydrophobic and air-stable ionic liquid, $BMIPF_6$, was used to impart electrical conductivity to insulating SAN nanofibers. The effects of $BMIPF_6$ addition on the morphology of the nanofibers were explained in terms of surface tension, viscosity and conductivity. After exposing the SAN/$BMIPF_6$ nanofibers collected on an interdigitated electrode to alcohol vapours (ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol), the resistance of the nanofibers decreased due to adsorption of alcohol molecules. The electrospun SAN/$BMIPF_6$ nanofibers sensor exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Purpose: Monitoring and control of environmental condition is highly important for optimum control of the conditions, especially in greenhouses and plant factories, and the condition is not uniform within the facility. Objectives of the study were to investigate variability in soil water content and to provide information useful for better irrigation control. Methods: Experiments were conducted in a strawberry-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 1) and a cherry tomato-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 2) in winter. Soil water content, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature were measured over the entire area, at different distances from an irrigation pump, and on ridge and furrow areas. Results: When measured over the entire greenhouse area, soil water content decreased and temperature and electrical conductivity increased over time from morning to afternoon after irrigation. Water content decreased by distance from the irrigation pump up to 70 m and increased after that, and temperature showed an inverse pattern. Soil water contents on the ridge were lower than those on the furrow, and the differences were 10.2~18.4%, indicating considerable variability. The lowest EC were observed on the furrow and highest values were observed on the ridge. Soil water contents were less and temperature levels were greater at the window side than in the center locations. Conclusions: Selection of number and location of soil water content sensor would be the first step for better water content monitoring and irrigation control. Results of the study would provide basic data useful for optimum sensor location and control for underground greenhouse environment.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

It was used as measuring system to diagnose insulating condition, by which was kept a insulating resistance of inner stack and at the same time was cooled electrochemical heat of reaction of FCEV(fuel cell electric vehicle) stack that used a compressed hydrogen gas reacting with oxygen in accordance with variation on thermal degradation of nonconductive heat transfer fluid. Consequently it was developed a cylindrical multi-terminal capacitive-conductive sensor that could be attached to the internal surface of cooling system pipe to evaluate capacitance and conductivity of heat transfer fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2020

In this paper, the performances of the electrical characteristics of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D-printed flexible resistance sensor was evaluated. The FDM 3D printing flexible resistive sensor is composed of flexible-material thermoplastic polyurethane and a conductive PLA (carbon black conductive polylactic acid) polymer. While 3D printing, polymer filaments heat up quickly before being extruded and cooled down quickly. Polymers have poor thermal conductivity so the heating and cooling causes unevenness, which then results in internal stress on the printed parts due to the rapidity of the heating and cooling. Electrical resistance measurements show that the 3D-printed flexible sensor is unstable due to internal stress, so the 3D-printed flexible sensor resistance curve does not match the increases and decreases in the displacement curve. Therefore, annealing was performed to eliminate the mismatch between electrical resistance and displacement. Annealing eliminates residual stress on the sensor, so the electrical resistance of the sensor increases and decreases in proportion to displacement. Additionally, the resistance is lowered in comparison to before annealing. The results of this study will be very useful for the fabrication of various devices that employ 3D-printed flexible sensor that have multiple degrees of freedom and are not limited by size and shape.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 2016

The present work aims to develop piezoresistive sensors of excellent piezoresistive response attributable to change in nanoscale structures of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) embedded in cement. MWNT was distributed in a cement matrix by means of polymer wrapping method in tandem with the ultrasonication process. DC conductivity of the prepared samples exhibited the electrical percolation behavior and therefore the dispersion method adopted in this study was deemed effective. The integrity of piezoresistive response of the sensors was assessed in terms of stability, the maximum electrical resistance change rate, and sensitivity. A composite sensor with MWNT 0.2 wt.% showed the lowest stability and sensitivity, while the maximum electrical resistance change rate exhibited by this sample was the highest (96 %) among others and even higher than those found in the literature. This observation was presumably attributed by the percolation threshold and the tunneling effect. As a result of the MWNT content (0.2 wt.%) of the sensor being near the percolation threshold (0.25 wt.%), MWNTs were close to each other to trigger tunneling in response of external loading. The sensor with MWNT 0.2 wt.% was able to maintain the repeatable sensing capability while sustaining a vehicular loading on road, demonstrating the feasibility in traffic flow sensing application.