• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.172-176
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-fungal effect of Pyrethri Flos Boiled Solution (PFBS) from Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium Visiani on Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton Mentagrophytes with 0.5 ml, 1ml, 2 ml. In comparative drugs, on Sabouraud's glucose agar medium to 2 ml respectively and PFBS on the rabbit skin lesions, in vivo experiments, were observed. The results obtained were as follows : PFBS slightly suppresed the growth of the fungi in 0.5 ml and markedly it in 1 ml and 2 ml. In comparative drugs, benzylbenzoate represented similar anti-fungal action in 2 ml compared with PFBS. While, salicylic acid and boric acid represented less suppression of growth of the fungi than PFBS in 0.5 ml. The effects of PFBS on the rabbit skin lesions inoculation with dermatophytes was almost normally recorved about Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes except Microsporum canis after 8 days.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.199-211
• /
• 1990

In order to investigate the hemostatic effect of Gamiikwiseungyangtang, prothrombin time was measured after administered with the extract of Ikwiseungyangtang added four several herb drugs and Ikwiseungyangtang extract added four several herb drugs extract to mice orally. The results were as follows: 1. Gamiikwiseungyangtang was recognized significance on the plasma prothrombin time in normal mice. 2. Gamiikwiseungyangtang was recognized significance on the plasma prothrombin time in hypoprothrombinemic mice. 3. Prothrombin time of Gamiikwiseungyangtang on normal and hypoprothrombinemic mice was not recognized effective difference according to two types. From above results, Gamiikwiseungyangtang indicates that it is effect on the hemostatic activity.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.65-86
• /
• 1999

In this study, we investigate the welfare effect of mandatory prescription(MP) in Korea. An immediate effect of MP is the increase in the implicit price of prescribed medicine, which could be obtained easily from drug stores before MP. This will lower the quantity demanded. which will in turn reduce the abuse of drugs. The key to the cost-benefit analysis of MP, therefore, should be focused on this point; price increase in the cost side and quantity decrease in the benefit side. Since we do not have as much information as needed for the analysis, however, we made strong assumptions for the clarity of numbers; the severity of moral hazard of medical doctors related to the sales of hospital drugs, constant demand elasticity, constant benefit multiplier of reduced drug usage, and so on, With these rather strong assumptions, we find that i) the benefit side is much more sensitive to demand elasticity than the cost side effect ii) the larger the demand elasticity, the greater the size of net gain of MP, though the result depends on the size of the benefit multiplier. This analysis shows that we need to have more information on the specific institutional path of health benefit diffusion caused by the reduction of drug usage, which was the major target of MP.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.206-214
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the level of polypharmacy use, drug knowledge, and drug misuse behavior in the elderly, and to understand the correlation between them and their effect on drug misuse behavior. The study design was a descriptive survey study, and the participants of the study were 215 elderly people from the local community center. The research tool used drug knowledge, drug misuse behavior, and the data collection period was from February 8 to 19, 2021. The data analysis were descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. As a result of the study, a significant correlation variable for the drug knowledge of the elderly showed a significant correlation with prescription and non-prescription, r=.145 (p<0.05), and r=.-. 136, which showed a negative significant correlation (p<0.05). As for the significant correlation variable in the drug misuse behavior of the elderly, when prescription and non-prescription were combined, there was a significant correlation with r=.256 (p<0.01), and when not using drugs, r=.-.225 was negative. showed a significant correlation (p<0.01). In terms of the effect on drug misuse behavior, chronic disease =.145, prescription and non-prescription use = .233, which had a positive effect, and non-prescription = -.328, indicating a negative and significant effect. The provision of education on the safe use of drugs by the elderly should first be provided in the community. In addition, we need systematic education and social support for the transmission of correct knowledge on multi-drug use by the elderly and for health management.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.21
• /
• pp.9319-9325
• /
• 2014

Alkaloids are the most extensively featured compounds of natural anti-tumor herbs, which have attracted much attention in pharmaceutical research. In our previous studies, a mixture of major three alkaloid components (5, 6-dihydrobicolorine, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, littoraline) from Hymenocallis littoralis were extracted, analyzed and designated as AHL. In this paper, AHL extracts were added to human liver hepatocellular cells HepG-2, human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901, human breast adenocarcinoma cell MCF-7 and human umbilical vein endothelial cell EVC-304, to screen one or more AHL-sensitive tumor cell. Among these cells, HepG-2 was the most sensitive to AHL treatment, a very low dose ($0.8{\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibiting proliferation. The non-tumor cell EVC-304, however, was not apparently affected. Effect of AHL on HepG-2 cells was then explored. We found that the AHL could cause HepG-2 cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint, induce apoptosis, and interrupt polymerization of microtubules. In addition, expression of two cell cycle-regulated proteins, CyclinB1 and CDK1, was up-regulated upon AHL treatment. Up-regulation of the Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 was observed as well, which might imply roles for the Fas/FsaL signaling pathway in the AHL-induced apoptosis of HepG-2 cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.226-230
• /
• 2008

Monoolein-based cubic liquid crystalline systems were formulated for the local delivery of oregonin and hirsutanonol for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The liquid crystalline phase and its nanodispersion containing drugs were prepared. The skin permeation and deposition properties of the drugs were examined in normal and delipidized rat skin. The proportion of oregonin (%) deposited in normal skin after topical administration of the drugs in the form of aqueous solution, cubic phase or cubic nanodispersions were $1.53\;{\pm}\;0.46$, $3.62\;{\pm}\;0.17$ and $5.13\;{\pm}\;0.73$, and those of hirsutanonol were $2.46\;{\pm}\;0.02$, $5.44\;{\pm}\;0.27$ and $17.28\;{\pm}\;2.19$, respectively. The greater lipophilicity and thus greater skin affinity of hirsutanonol than oregonin contributed the greater amount of skin deposition. The monoolein-based liquid crystalline phases significantly increased the amount of both drugs permeated and deposited. Approximately 3.2, 2.1 and 3.0 times greater amount of oregonin, and 3.4, 2.1 and 2.2 times greater amount of hirsutanonol were deposited in delipidized skin after administration of each drug in the form of aqueous solution, cubic phase and cubic nanodispersions system, respectively, because of lowered barrier function of the delipidized skin. In this study, the effects of drug property, vehicles type and skin condition on skin deposition and permeation properties of drug were examined and concluded that monoolein-based liquid crystalline systems would be a promising formulation for the local delivery of drugs.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 2008

Recently, obesity has become a worldwide public health concern and the use of anorectic drugs has drastically increased. In this study, sibutramine and phendimetrazine, representative marketed anorectics, were repeatedly administered per os on a daily basis into C57BL/6 mice and the effects of these drugs on food intakes, body weight changes and gene expression profiles were monitored for up to following 7 days. Methamphetamine, which has a potent anorectic effect, was used as a positive control. Anorectic effects were sustained only for two days by phendimetrazine or methamphetamine, but for six days by sibutramine. The modulations of gene expressions in the hypothalamus and the striatum were investigated using microarrays on day 2 and day 7 post-administration, which corresponded to the anorectic period and a return of appetite respectively, for all three drugs tested. Differences in overall gene expression profiles in the stratum on day 2 for sibutramine and phendimetrazine seems to reflect difference between the two in terms of the onsets of drug tolerance. According to microarray findings, the Ankrd26 gene appears to have an important anorectic role, whereas the up-regulation of the olfaction system appeared to be involved in the drug tolerance of anorectics. The microarray data presented in this study demonstrates the usefulness of gene expression analysis for gathering information on the efficacy and safety of anorectic drugs.

• Biomaterials Research
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.290-302
• /
• 2018

Background: The main purpose of drug delivery systems is to deliver the drugs at the appropriate concentration to the precise target site. Recently, the application of a thin film in the field of drug delivery has gained increasing interest because of its ability to safely load drugs and to release the drug in a controlled manner, which improves drug efficacy. Drug loading by the thin film can be done in various ways, depending on type of the drug, the area of exposure, and the purpose of drug delivery. Main text: This review summarizes the various methods used for preparing thin films with drugs via Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Furthermore, additional functionalities of thin films using surface modification in drug delivery are briefly discussed. There are three types of methods for preparing a drug-carrying multilayered film using LbL assembly. First methods include approaches for direct loading of the drug into the pre-fabricated multilayer film. Second methods are preparing thin films using drugs as building blocks. Thirdly, the drugs are incorporated in the cargo so that the cargo itself can be used as the materials of the film. Conclusion: The appropriate designs of the drug-loaded film were produced in consideration of the release amounts and site of the desired drug. Furthermore, additional surface modification using the LbL technique enabled the preparation of effective drug delivery carriers with improved targeting effect. Therefore, the multilayer thin films fabricated by the LbL technique are a promising candidate for an ideal drug delivery system and the development possibilities of this technology are infinite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1997.11a
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 1997

Drug development began with the finding of biologically active compounds which are obtained by chemical synthesis or from natural sources. The advent of Combinatorial Chemistry is recognized as a strategy which has a potential to change the methodology of research and development(R&D) of new drugs. Drug development has been carried out with diverse strategies. In the past several decades a variety of new methodology have been introduced in R&D. Random screening of accumulated synthetic samples which had been synthesized for development of other drugs led to the discovery of new drugs. The typical examples are anti-asthma drug trimethoquinol and calcium antagonist diltiazem. (herbesser). In particular the latter drug has been used as a calcium antagonist worldwide, however it was first synthesized to find new tranquilizer and this is the reason why diltiazem has benzodiazepam skeleton. The random screening contributed in the finding of new drugs were carried out with whole animal test and it is a standard methodology in R&D of new drugs. Aspirin is the first synthetic non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug(NSAID) and has been used for more than one hundred years. It is the first example of drug developed from natural product. Salicin is the main constituent of willow bark which had been used in Europe for a long time to treat arthritis and aspirin was developed from salicin. Most of NSAID used clinically were developed from the structure of aspirin, however it took 70 years to clarify why aspirin exhibits its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. The target of aspirin is cyclooxygenase(COX)which is the first enzyme involved in arachidonate cascade leading to the production of prostaglandins(PG) and thromboxan(TX). Side effect of aspirin causing ulcer in stomach is rather serious problem, since aspirin is so popular drug easily obtained in drug store(OTP). This problem is now going to be solved by a new finding on COX, which have two different types, one is constitutionally expressed COX 1 in almost all organs and the other is inducible COX 2. COX 2 is the responsible enzyme in inflammation etc and now the search of COX 2 specific inhibitors is the target of R&D of next generation NSAID.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1552-1557
• /
• 2004

According to Li Sizhen, Drinking a little makes heart health, spirit active and let be relieved of fatique. Also it hastens gastroenteric digestion. In result, the appetite is stimulated. So Good-wine is useful for well-being necessary to treat a disease much more. However if drink to excess, it will cause mental disorder, exhansted blood, Impairment of stomach. As a consequence of that. Essence of life is exhausted too. So phlegm forms, Fire is more active easily. [In compendium of Materica Medica], 120 classes of counteracting Alcohol Drugs find room in it. Like this, an abundance of data and investigation about Counteracting Alcohol Drugs provides to us a large of Medical materials, and is a guide in Developing and Using the herbal resources. [Lei Gong's Nature of drugs in Songs] says 'Wine have a effect that get out Extravasated Qi and get rid of Pathogen, Abdominal mass with distension and pain.< As it says, ancient doctors displayed remedical Value that promote Qi and Blood circulation as a power of wine. But others says, 'To drink a wine as a drinking water makes us so intemperate, lets us be so being unreasonable easily as to drink hard and hurt our body. (1)Drink with nutritive appetizer. (2) Drink with sitting down. (3)Drink slowly. (4)Do not drink a differ on wine that is not true who makes. (5)Go easy on the alcohol. If drink with this position. Never drink hard for hurting body. Therefore, Cao Tingdong lived in the qing dynasty says "A preventing as a medicine is not so good as a preventing as a temperate living and meal."