• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.230-240
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• 2019

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-tang decoction and Hwangryunhaedok-tang Pharmacopuncture at BL10 on cognition and memory impairment in a mouse dementia model induced by scopolamine. Methods : Fifty ICR mice were divided into 6 groups : Normal group (n=5), Control group (n=9), Positive control group for pharmacopuncture group (n=9, Donepezil 0.75 mg/kg), Positive control group for oral administration group (n=9, Donepezil 5 mg/kg), Pharmacopuncture group (n=9, Hwangryunhaedok-tang Pharmacopuncture undiluted solution 10 ml/kg), and Oral administration group (n=9, Hwangryunhaedok-tang 200 mg/kg). For a mouse dementia model, 1 mg/kg scopolamine was intraperitoneally administered to ICR mice. Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture was administered on BL10 for 4 weeks at intervals of 2 days. Hwangryunhaedok-tang decoction was given orally for 4 weeks every day. Morris water maze and passive avoidance test were conducted followed by measurement of acetylcholine concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity, and the amount of BDNF and p-CREB in the brain. Results : 1. In the Morris water maze test, the time spent staying around the platform significantly increased in the pharmacopuncture group and oral administration group than in the control group. 2. In the passive avoidance test, the time spent in the bright room significantly increased in the pharmacopuncture group and oral administration group than in the control group. 3. The level of acetylcholine in brains increased in the pharmacopuncture group and oral administration group than in the control group. Also, the activity of acetylcholinesterase decreased in the pharmacopuncture group and oral administration group than in the control group. 4. The expression of BDNF and p-CREB decreased in the control group, but increased in the pharmacopuncture group and oral administration group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Hwangryunhaedok-tang decoction and Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture at BL10 may have cognition and memory-enhancing effect in scopolamine-induced dementia in ICR mice via controlling the content of acetylcholine and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, and activating BDNF and p-CREB.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Background: Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. Methods: We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated its effects on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Results: Ginseol k-g3 (25-200 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance, but not in Y-maze testing. Ginseol k-g3 (50 and 200 mg/kg) improved escape latency in training trials and increased swimming times within the target zone of the Morris water maze. The effect of ginseol k-g3 on the water maze task was more potent than that of Rg3 or Red ginseng. Acute or subchronic (6 d) treatment of ginseol k-g3 did not alter normal locomotor activity of mice in an open field. Ginseol k-g3 did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, unlike donezepil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Rg3 enrichment through the ginseol k-g3 fraction enhanced the efficacy of Rg3 in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice as demonstrated in the Morris water maze task. Conclusion: The effects of ginseol k-g3 in ameliorating scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests indicate its specific influence on reference or long-term memory. The mechanism underlying the reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by ginseol k-g3 is not yet known, but is not related to anticholinesterase-like activity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.400-411
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• 2013

OCB(organizational citizenship behavior) is a employee behavior that goes above and beyond the call of duty, that is discretionary and not explicitly recognized by the employing organization's formal reward system, and that contributes to organizational effectiveness. In a word, OCB has great potential as a organizational slack. As such, researchers have been showing great interest in the antecedents of OCB, and as a result, now we can meet so many antecedents of OCB from individual level variables to group or organizational level variables that are said to be important in explaining OCB. Additionally each of these variables is known to have its own sound logic and statistically significant effect on OCB. However the results of these studies are so fragmented that researchers have a great difficulty in drawing some meaningful or coherent conclusions. In this context, we try to applicate Q-methodology to find more coherent way of explaining the motives of OCB, and briefly speaking, we find four types of the motives of OCB, that is norm-based, instrumentality-based, trait-based, and avoidance-based type. Among these the last avoidance-based type is especially interesting, because we can't find any remarks on this type in the previous studies. The paper ends with suggestions for future research directions. We expect that these suggestions could be a foundation on which more developed and coherent OCB theories stand. We don't see this approach supplanting earlier efforts; rather we believe this can offer more detailed explanation in addition to those provided by other approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2018

This paper considers the Marine Traffic Risk Assessment for fixed and moving targets, which threaten officers during a voyage. The Collision Risk Assessment Formula was calculated based on a dynamic ship domain considering the length, speed and maneuvering capability of a vessel. In particular, the Navigation Risk Assessment Model that is used to quantitatively index the effect of a ship's size, speed, etc. has been reviewed and improved using a hybrid combination of a vessel's dynamic area and the Collision Risk Assessment Formula. Accordingly, a new type of Marine Traffic Risk Assessment Model has been suggested giving consideration to the Speed Length Ratio, which was not sufficiently reflected in the existing Risk Assessment Model. The larger the Speed Length Ratio (dimensionless speed), the higher the CJ value. That is, the CJ value is presented well by the Speed Length Ratio. When the Speed Length Ratio is large, states ranging from [Caution], [Warning], [Dangerous] or [Very Dangerous] are presented from a greater distance than when the Speed Length Ratio is small. The results of this study, can be used for route and port development, including dangerous route avoidance, optimum route planning, breakwater width, bridge span, etc. as well as the development of costal navigation safety charts. This research is also applicable for the selection of optimum ship routing and the prevention of collisions for smart ships such as autonomous vessels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.637-642
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• 2004

Effects of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts on cognitive function and antioxidant activity of learning- and memory-impaired animal model SAMP8 mice. Animals were divided into 4 groups and fed with diets containing 0.3%(w/w) defatted sesame (S) or defatted perilla methanol extracts (P) for 12 weeks. Step through latency of SAMP8 control group was significantly higher than that of SAM R1 normal group, whereas significantly increased in S and P groups compared with SAMP8 control on passive avoidance test (p<0.001). Acetylcholinesterase activity of brain in SAMP8 increased compared with SAMR1 but no difference between SAMP8 control group and sample-treated group. Brain TBARS contents of SAMP8 control significantly increased compared with SAMR1 and were lowered significantly by supplementation of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts. Defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts attenuated increased brain superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in SAMP8. These results suggest defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts could attenuate cognitive deficits induced by aging possibly through activation of antioxidant activity of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine improving effect of Platycodon extracts (PE) and/or Platycodon extracts jelly (PEJ) on cognitive impairment in vitro and in vivo. PC12 (Pheochromocytoma) cells were pretreated with PE for 1hr and than incubated with $50{\mu}M$ amyloid ${\beta}(A{\beta})_{25-35}$ for additional 48hr. Cell viability was assessed by WST-1. Animals for Morris water test and passive avoidance test were divided into normal, control and two Platycodon extracts treated groups that were named Normal (n=7), Control (0 mg/kg, n=7), PE (300 mg/kg, n=7), PEJ (10 g/kg, n=7). Cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg/body weight, i.p.) in the three experimental groups but not the normal group. Pretretment of PE (0.01-1 mg/mL) were not induced cytotoxicity but observed in high dose-treated group (5 and 10 mg/mL) in PC12 cells. Protective effects of PE against $A{\beta}$-induced cytotoxicity were increased in dose dependent manner in PC12 cells. Administration of PE and PEJ were significantly reduced escape latency time on Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test in copolamine-induced cognitive impairment animal model. These results suggest that Platycodon extracts and its related product available to ameliorative purpose for cognitive ability impairments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.244-253
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• 2005

사람에게 행동의 개인차가 있듯이 rat이나 mouse에 있어서도 행동의 차이를 발견할 수 있다. Rat의 행동성향에 따른 (1)학습 및 기억 능력의 차이, (2)기억과 해마의 관계, (3)치매유발단백질의 하나로 알려진 아밀로이드 베타($A{\beta}$ )및 수종의 항 치매 약물효과를 알아보는 것이 본 실험의 목적이다. Rat의 행동관찰을 통해 두 가지 행동패턴을 관찰할 수 있었는데, 이러한 rat의 행동 특성은 심리학자 Jung이 심리유형으로 설명하고 있는 extraversion, introversion의 행동성향과 유사할 것이라는 가정 하에 실험을 계획, 실시하였다. Rat에 water maze test를 실시하여 공간 기억의 단기, 장기 기억을 분석하였는데 그 결과 두 가지 행동 성향을 가진 rat은 서로 다른 학습 및 기억 능력의 특성을 보였다. 즉, extraversion은 단기 기억의 향상을 보인 반면에, introversion은 장기 기억의 향상을 보였다. Rat을 대상으로 water maze test 외에 Y-maze, passive avoidance test를 실시하여 공간 기억(spatial memory), 작동 기억(working memory), passive avoidance memory, 그리고 단기, 장기 기억의 관계를 종합적으로 분석해 보았다. 그 결과 두 가지 행동성향에 따라 서로 영향을 미치는 기억의 종류 및 관계에 차이가 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 또한 두 가지 행동성향을 가진 rat에 약물을 투여했을 때, 서로 다른 약물 효과를 보였으며, $A{\beta}$ 를 주입했을 때, 기억(memory) 및 해마(hippocampus) 세포 사멸(cell death)에 서로 상반된 결과를 보여주었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 개체의 행동성향에 따라 학습 및 기억의 효과가 다를 수 있음을 보여주는 결과라 할 수 있고, 개인의 적성과 소질의 인식 및 개발의 중요성에 시사하는 바가 크다. 또한 개개인의 행동과 학습 및 기억 능력의 차이를 두뇌과학적으로 이해하여, 두뇌의 장점은 살리고 단점을 보완할 수 있는 이론적 토대를 세우는데 이러한 동물실험이 그 기초를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 행동성향 및 기억의 종류에 따른 약물효과의 차이는 기억과 관련된 질병인 알츠하이머 환자에 있어 개개인에게 맞는 적절한 특징적인 치료약물이 존재할 것이라는 가능성을 제공해줄 뿐만 아니라 학습과 기억력 증진 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.243-255
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• 2012

This study is intended to find out the effect and differences of individual characteristic of the death attitude on death anxiety. The college students who study in the area of Chonan, Yongin, and Asan and the adults who live in the area of Chonan and Asan enrolled for this study. We analyzed the survey data from 325 responses finally. The results are summarized in three ways: First, adults are more positive than college students, religious people are more positive than nonreligious people, female are more positive than male, and married people are more positive than unmarried people in the death attitude. Second, college students are more positive than adults, nonreligious people are more positive than religious people, female are more positive than male, and unmarried people are more positive than married people in the death anxiety. Third, there is a correlation between the death anxiety and the death attitude. The fear on death has negative correlation on all subvariables of the death anxiety. Avoidance on death has positive correlation on the physical change anxiety, and openness on death has positive correlation on the cognitive and affective anxiety. Finally, It showed that the death attitude are affected by the death anxiety. The death anxiety was not much, if the fear on death are more little, the death anxiety was much, if the avoidance on death are much.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.270-284
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• 2009

There is a big attention to digital convergence products(DCP) nowadays. However, consumers' response on the DCP is not always positive. These products may not match consumers' value and consumers may not know how to use them, because the DCP is generally innovative products. DCP marketers should learn that why consumers do not purchase them. Thus, this paper examines and identifies the consumers' purchase-avoiding psychological factors and antecedents on DCP. In detail, It is empirically checked that how the relationship between purchase-preventing factors such as complexity, incongruence, uncertainty, and unreasonability and purchase-avoiding psychological factors such as dissonance, innovation resistence, and perceived loss is. Also, these purchase-avoiding psychological factors' influence on the purchase-intention is empirically checked. As results, complexity and incongruence have an effect on the innovation resistence significantly. Uncertainty and unreasonability influence perceived loss variable. Unreasonability also influences consumers' cognitive dissonance variable. Additionally, cognitive dissonance have an influence on innovation resistence positively, and such innovation resistence influence consumer's purchase-intention negatively. Therefore, marketers should think twice about the roles of these purchase-preventing factors before launching.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.119-122
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• 2011

Among the developed bio-degradable polymer films as compared with transparent film(White), black polymer film was significantly more effective for controlling weeds in red pepper. Also, we found that white and black polymer mulching had 81.8% and 97.9% of managing weed controlling effects in rice, respectively. Compared to non-mulched rice paddy with water supply, the non-mulched rice paddy without any water supply has stopped its growth at 41 days after transplanting, while polymer-mulched rice paddy without water supply had about 60% of normally growing rice plants. This shows the polymer treatment has a remarkable effect on water and power saving, solution of herbicidal resistance, avoidance of herbicidal influence to eco-system etc. When the naturally decomposing polymer was used, a temperature was elevated as high as $4.7^{\circ}C$ on maximum and $2.6^{\circ}C$ on average. Also the naturally decomposing polymer accelerated rooting by 7 days and lowered a stress level from transplanting. The weed control effect mulched by polymer was remarkable as 98.7%. The polymer now, after 294 days treated on the rice paddy, has been completely decomposed.