• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.751-760
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• 2007

Baffles enhance heat transfer by disturbing boundary layer and bulk flow, creating impingement, and increasing heat transfer surface area. This study was performed to determine how the two inclined baffles (${\alpha}=5^{\circ}$ perforated models) placed at a rectangular channel affect heat transfer and associated friction characteristics. The parametric effects of perforated baffles (3, 6 and 12 holes) and flow Reynolds number ranging from 28,900 to 61,800 on the heated target surface are explored. Comparisons of the experimental data with the numerical results by commercial code CFX 10.0 are presented. As for the investigation of heat transfer behaviors on local Nusselt number with two baffles placed at $x/D_h=0.8$ and $x/D_h=8.0$ of the edge of baffles, it is evident that the inclined perforated baffles augment overall heat transfer significantly by both jet impingement and boundary layer separation. There exists an optimum perforation density to maximize heat transfer coefficients; i.e., the average Nusselt number increases with increasing number of holes, but the friction factor decreases with an increase in the hole number placed at baffles.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.540-548
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• 1996

전자 부품의 일종인 LSI 패키지의 제조 과정에서 절연 방진 방습 등을 목적으로 수지 몰딩이 널리 사용되고 있는데, 냉각과정에서 금속과 수지의 계면에 접합 잔류열응력이 발생하여 파괴의 원인이 되고 있다. 접합 잔류열응력의 측정에는 X선 회절법등이 사용되지만 측정상의 어려움과 계면단 응력특이성에 대한 해석의 곤란함 때문에 적절한 모델링에 따른 수치해석적 연구가 새로이 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Al/Epoxy를 몰딩 접합한 세가지의 대표적인 계면 형상을 선정하여 계면에서의 잔류열응력을 경계요소 수치해석 및 스트레인 게이지를 이용한 실험을 통하여 각각 해석하였다. 수치해석과 실험결과는 정성적으로 잘 일치하였으며, 서브 요소를 사용하므로써 계면단 응력 특이성의 해석 정밀도를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 또한 접합 잔류열응력의 해석결과로부터 수직응력에 의한 계면 박리가 예상되고, 피착체의 두께가 증가할수록 응력 특이성이 강하게 나타남을 확인하였다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2000

Prediction of the product shape in sheet casting process is performed from the numerical simulation. A three-dimensional finite element method is used to investigate the flow behavior and to examine the effects of processing conditions on the sheet produced. Effects of inertia, gravity, surface tension and non-Newtonian viscosity on the thickness profile of the sheet are considered since the edge bead and the flow patterns in the chill roll region have great influence on the quality of the products. In the numerical simulation with free surface flows, the spine method is adopted to update the free surface, and the force-free boundary condition is imposed along the take-up plane to avoid severe singularity problems existing at the take-up plane. From the numerical results of steady isothermal flows of a generalized Newtonian fluid, it is shown that the draw ratio plays a major role in predicting the shape of the final sheet produced and the surface tension has considerable effect on the bead thickness ratio and the bead width fraction, while shear-thinning and/or tension-thickening viscosity affect the degree of neck-in.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.349-360
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• 1998

Effects of uniform flow on a two-dimensional mesoscale horizontal convection were investigated by using the vorticity and thermodynamic equations. For thins purpose, We simulated properties of a thermal convection m a stably stratified Boussinesq flued caused by partial heating at the center of a lower boundary If we don't consider effects of the uniform flow, the convection takes the form of aidsymmetrlc with respect to the z-alds. But when uniform flow Is strong, velocity field and temperature field consist of a sin91e cell structure which spreads upstream side of the partial heating area. The flow pattern for strong uniform flows takes the form of positive temperatue near the ground and negative temperature perturbation soft over the partial heating area, and downward motion directly over the upwind portion of the partial heating area and upward motion on the downstream side. The downstream edge of the upstream cell Is shifted in the downstream direction with the Increase of uniform flow almost linearly.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.949-955
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the effects of Cr dopant (1.0 at% $Cr_2O_3$ sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in air) on the bulk trap (i.e. defect) and interface state levels of ZnO using dielectric functions ($Z^*$, $M^*$, $Y^*$, $\varepsilon^*$, and $tan{\delta}$), admittance spectroscopy (AS), and impedance-modulus spectroscopy (IS & MS). For the identification of the bulk trap levels, we examine the zero-biased admittance spectroscopy and dielectric functions as a function of frequency and temperature. Impedance and electric modulus spectroscopy is a powerful technique to characterize grain boundaries of electronic ceramic materials as well. As a result, three kinds of bulk defect trap levels were found below the conduction band edge of ZnO in 1.0 at% Cr-doped ZnO (Cr-ZnO) as 0.11 eV, 0.21 eV, and 0.31 eV. The overlapped defect levels ($Zn^{..}_i$ and $V^{\cdot}_0$) in admittance spectra were successfully separated by the combination of dielectric function such as $M^*$, $\varepsilon^*$, and $tan{\delta}$. In Cr-ZnO, the interfacial state level was about 1.17 eV by IS and MS. Also we measured the resistance ($R_{gb}$) and capacitance ($C_{gb}$) of grain boundaries with temperature using impedance-modulus spectroscopy. It have discussed about the stability and homogeneity of grain boundaries using distribution parameter ($\alpha$) simulated with the Z"-logf plots with temperature.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.130-138
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• 1994

선저외판은 수압과 동시에 면내 압축력을 받는다. 특히 살물선이 Alternate은 하중상태에서 흘수가 큰 경우, 외판구조는 배길이 및 폭방향의 극심한 압축력과 횡수압을 받기 때문에 설계자가 기존의 선급규정 및 설계기준을 이용하여 선저외판의 치수를 결정하고자 할 때 상당한 어려움을 겪는다. 본 연구에서는 선저 부위의 격자(Grillage)구조물에서 판주의를 둘러싼 보강재의 비틀림 강성을 추가로 고려하여 선저외판의 경계부가 탄성구속이며 면내 및 면외의 복합하중이 작용하는 선저외판의 좌굴강도 평가를 통해 보다 실제적인 선저외판의 치수 결정에 대한 선박 구조설계 측면에서의 타당성을 실적선 자료를 근거로 하여 검토해 보고자 한다. 따라서 경계조건에 따른 판의 탄성좌굴강도의 영향을 특성치 문제로 취급하여 유도된 판의 탄성구속 좌굴계수를 기존의 평가식에 추가로 고려하는 좌굴평가 방법에 근거하여 실적선의 선저외판 치수를 계산하였다. 또한 극심한 면내 및 면외하중과 주변 보강재 효과를 고려하여 상기 계산에 따라 산출된 외판치수에 대한 평가와 다양한 선급 규정에 따른 결과 그리고 1차연구의 방법에 따른 결과를 서로 비교 분석하여 보았으며 이들 각종 평가 결과들을 토대로 실적선 선저외판의 좌굴평가에 대한 실용성을 타진해 보았다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 1992

The wind pressure distributions were analyzed to provide fundamental criteria for the structural design on e single-span arched house according to the wind directions through the wind tunnel experiment. In order to investigate the wind force distributions, the variation of the wind force coefficients, the mean wind force coefficients, the drag force coefficients and the lift force coefficients were estimated by using the experimental data. The results obtained are as follows: 1. When the wind direction was normal to the wall, the maximum positive wind pressure along the height of the wall occurred approximately at two-thirds of the wall height because of the effects of boundary layer flow. 2. When the wind direction was 30$^{\circ}$ to the wall, the maximum positive wind force occurred at the windward edge of the wall. When the wind direction was parallel to the wall, the maximum negative wind force occurred at the windward edge of the wall. 3. The maximum negative wind force along the width of the roof appeared around the width ratio, 0.4, and that along the length of the roof appeared around the length ratio, 0.5. 4. According to the results of the mean wind force coefficients analysis, the maximum negative wind force occurred on the roof at the wind direction of 30$^{\circ}$. 5. The wind forces at the wind direction of 30$^{\circ}$ instead of 0$^{\circ}$ are recommended in the structural design of supports for a house. 6. To prevent partial damage of a house structure by wind forces, the local wind forces should be considered to the structural design of a house.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1193-1214
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• 2016

In this paper, the 3D stress state and inter-laminar stresses in a rotating thin laminated cylinder shell are studied. The thickness of the cylinder is supposed to be thin and it is made of laminated composite material and can have general layer stacking. The governing equations of the cylindrical shell are obtained by employing the Layerwise theory (LWT). The effect of rotation is considered as rotational body force which is induced due to the rotation of the cylinder about its axis. The Layerwise theory (LWT), is used to discrete the partial differential equations of the problem to ordinary ones, in terms of the displacements of the mathematical layers. By applying the Free boundary conditions the solution of the governing equations is completed and the stress state, the inter-laminar stresses, and the edge effect in the rotating cylindrical shells are investigated in the numerical results. To verify the results, LWT solution is compared with the results of the FEM solution and good agreements are achieved. The inter-laminar normal and shear stresses in rotating cylinder are studied and effects of layer stacking and angular velocity is investigated in the numerical results.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.205-225
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• 2016

In this study the finite element method is utilized to predict the deflection and vibration characteristics of rectangular plates made of saturated porous functionally graded materials (PFGM) within the framework of the third order shear deformation plate theory. Material properties of PFGM plate are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness direction according to the power-law form and the porous plate is assumed of the form where pores are saturated with fluid. Various edge conditions of the plate are analyzed. The governing equations of motion are derived through energy method, using calculus of variations while the finite element model is derived based on the constitutive equation of the porous material. According to the numerical results, it is revealed that the proposed modeling and finite element approach can provide accurate deflection and frequency results of the PFGM plates as compared to the previously published results in literature. The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the several parameters such as porosity volume fraction, material distribution profile, mode number and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and deflection of the PFGM plates in detail. It is explicitly shown that the deflection and vibration behaviour of porous FGM plates are significantly influenced by these effects. Numerical results are presented to serve as benchmarks for future analyses of FGM plates with porosity phases.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.36-41
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• 2001

In order to simulate wake of stator and a gas turbine engine's balde row, acryl cylinder and a linear turbine cascade were used respectively in this study. Experimental of heat transfer distributions was done on the passage endwall and blade suction surface. Temperature distributions on the experimental regions were obtained through image processing system by using the cholesteric type liquid crystal which has chain structure of metyl$(CH_3)$. To represent the degree of heat transfer, dimensionless St number was used. The results show that heat transfer on the blade suction surface was increased due to the wake from the cylinder and was decreased as the distance between cylinder row and blade row increases. Because of groth of passage vortex, heat transfer distributions on the trailing edge area showed triangular shape which was little changed with wake. On the other hand, heat transfer on the passage endwall was decreased due to the wake from cylinder. As the distance between cylinder row and blade row increases, heat transfer was more decreased.