• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2014

We have investigated optimal control strategies for prevention of ecstasy use. Ecstasy use has continued at raves and nightclubs in recent years and the reduction of ecstasy use has become one of the important issues in society. We apply optimal control theory to a model of the peer-driven dynamics of ecstasy use. Our goal is to minimize the ecstasy use class and the intervention cost. Optimal control is characterized in terms of the solution of optimality system, which is the state system coupled with the adjoint system and the optimality equations. The numerical simulations show the optimal prevention policies of ecstasy use in various scenarios.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2015

에이젠쉬테인은 1939년에 쓴 "영화의 구조The Structure of the Film"에서 파토스(pathos)를 예술 창작의 기본 원리로 설명한다. 그의 페이소스 또는 파토스는 관객을 엑스타시(ecstasy)로 이끄는 효과로 정의된다. 관객의 감정을 질적으로 변화시키는 것을 목표로 하는 파토스 구성은 에이젠쉬테인의 몽타주와 동일선상의 영화형식이며, 영화 표현의 핵심이다. 이 연구는 에이젠쉬테인이 예술가로서의 지위에 머물지 않고, 관객의 변화를 이끌기 위해 몽타주를 실험하고 그 연장에서 파토스 효과를 구축하고자 했던 논의의 배경을 살펴보았다. 에이젠쉬테인이 설명하는 예술작품에서의 파토스적 의미를 고찰하고, 관객의 감정을 변화시키기 위한 목적의 파토스 구성을 그가 분석한 영화의 사례를 통해 살펴보았다. 위대한 영화감독 가운데 하나인 에이젠쉬테인은 영화예술의 이론화를 추구하면서, 충돌 몽타주, 지적 이미지론, 파토스 구성 등의 원리를 통해 영화의 창작과 이론을 융합하고자 했던 것이다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent monoaminergic neurotoxin with the potential to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity, but has become a popular recreational drug. Little has been known about the cellular effects induced by MDMA. This report shows that MDMA inhibits neuronal cell growth and differentiation. MDMA suppressed neuronal cell growth. The results of quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that Egr-1 expression is elevated in mouse embryo and neuroblastoma cells after MDMA treatment. Transiently transfected Egr-1 interfered with the neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells such as SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells. These findings provide evidence that the abuse of MDMA during pregnancy may impair neuronal development via an induction of Egr-1 over-expression.

• 영어영문학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 2008

F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby has been interpreted to be saturated with the lamentation over the distortion and evaporation of the American dream. The application of Friedrich Nietzsche's mythic concept of Dionysus, discussed in The Birth of Tragedy, surfaces a fresh layer of the novel, subverting the established pessimistic reading. To focus on a peripheral character, Myrtle Wilson, through Nietzsche's theory brings forth an optimistic vision of the author. A Dionysian ecstasy so powerfully overwhelms Myrtle that she perceives Tom, the very picture of corruption and crime in Fitzgerald's text, as a benefic liberator. Her impassioned perception of Tom enables her to soar over both legal or moral censorship and her realistic confinement. Myrtle's amoral passion endows her with the vital desire to live. Her Dionysian dynamo embodies the core of new version of the American dream Fitzgerald suggests as a measure to reanimate the lost generation of his nation.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

소변 중 암페타민계 5성분(amphetamine; AP, methamphetamine; MA, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine; MDEA)의 동시분석을 위하여 기존의 액체상추출(liquid-liquid extraction; LLE) 방법과는 달리 감정과정의 자동화가 가능한 고체상추출(solid-phase extraction, SPE) 방법을 도입하였다. 시험관에 소변 3 mL와 0.1 M 인산완충액 1 mL (pH 7.0)를 넣고, 자동추출장치를 이용하여 추출하고, 증발 건고하여 유도체화 한 다음 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 그 결과 검정곡선의 직선성 상관계수 ($r^2$)는 AP와 MDA [농도범위 34.0 (AP), 28.0 (MDA)~1000.0 ng/mL] 및 MA, MDMA, MDEA (농도범위 50.0~2000.0 ng/mL)에서 0.994 이상으로 나타났다. 그리고 각 성분들의 검출한계 (LOD)는 4.0~10.0 ng/mL 범위였고, 정량한계 (LOQ)는 12.0~34.0 ng/mL 범위였다. 상대 회수율은 5성분 모두 93.5~107.7%로 측정되었다. 정밀도 (precision)와 정확도 (accuracy)는 각각 1.9~14.8%와 -8.7~14.8 % 범위 값을 나타냈다. 본 실험방법을 실제 남용자 소변에 적용한 결과 메스암페타민 또는 엑스터시 투약자를 신속하고 정확하게 동시에 확인할 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.571-575
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• 2009

The amphetamine derivative 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has become a popular recreational drug, and has also been shown to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity. This report shows that MDMA impairs brain development in a whole mouse embryo culture. The results of quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) expression is elevated in mouse embryo and neuroblastoma cells after MDMA treatment. This elevated Atg5 expression interferes with the neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells such as SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells. Thus, our results suggest that the use of MDMA during pregnancy may impair neuronal development via an induction of Atg5 expression.

• 복식
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

This paper is a perspectiveon the reformative costume expressed by Gustav Klimt who led the Secession Movement as a great master in Vienna. Klimt actively expressed a new costume style in his paintings, which influenced heavily on the modern costume design. This paper may contribute to reestablish the constructive direction for the 21st century fashion design based on Klimt's pursuing holistic art concept. The reformative costume in Klimt's paintings has two characteristics; ornamentism, eroticism, and reformativeness. Ornamentism is expressed with fantastic colors, various motives, exotic features, simple style clothes, and so on. Klimt used independent ornaments to express carnal desires metaphorically, which set ornaments free to lead spectators to the dreamy or elusive state and even have spectators indulged in ecstasy. As the Secession Movement focused on reforming all areas of life artistically, the costumes of Klimt's paintings symbolically express the reformativeness; he portrayed the woman in the early 20th century and sought to reform its contemporary value as a visual sensuality. Klimt tried to disrupt from the former era by over-emphasizing eroticism. The erotic expression with the colors and the style of ornaments substitute naturally for suggestive eroticism of the feminine body. With has creativity, Klimt has spectators extract the various senses from the female image in his paintings. Klimt's creative spirit on the holistic art concept could be helpful to develop a unique design as a catalyst foreseeing over the present.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2019

Ketamine has long been used as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine use is associated with numerous side effects, including flashbacks, amnesia, delirium, and aggressive or violent behavior. Ketamine has also been abused as a cocktail with ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Several studies have investigated therapeutic applications of ketamine, demonstrating its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in both humans and rodents. We recently reported that neonatal maternal separation causes enhanced anxiety- and aggressive-like behaviors in adolescent. In the present study, we evaluated how acute and chronic ketamine administration affected the behavioral consequences of neonatal maternal separation in adolescent mice. Litters were separated from dams for 4 hours per day for 19 days beginning after weaning. Upon reaching adolescence (post-natal day 35-49), mice were acutely (single injection) or chronically (7 daily injections) treated with a sub-anesthetic dose (15 mg/kg) of ketamine. At least 1 h after administration of ketamine, mice were subjected to open-field, elevated-plus maze, and resident-intruder tests. We found that acute ketamine treatment reduced locomotor activity. In contrast, chronic ketamine treatment decreased anxiety, as evidenced by increased time spent on open arms in the elevated-plus maze, and remarkably reduced the number and duration of attacks. In conclusion, the present study suggests that ketamine has potential for the treatment of anxiety and aggressive or violent behaviors.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are a group of ${\beta}$-phenethylamine derivatives that produce central nervous system stimulants effects. The representative ATS are methamphetamine and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and abuse of ATS has become a global problem. Methamphetamine is abused in North America and Asia, while amphetamine and 3, 4-methyle nedioxym ethamphetamine (Ecstasy) are abused in Europe and Australia. Methamphetamine is also the most abused drug in Korea. In addition to the conventional ATS, new psychoactive substances (NPS) including phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones, which have similar effects and chemical structure to ATS, continue to spread to the global market since 2009, and more than 739 NPS have been identified. For the analysis of ATS, two tests that have different theoretical principles have to be conducted, and screening tests by immunoassay and confirmatory tests using GC/MS or LC/MS are the global standard methods. As most ATS have a chiral center, enantiomer separation is an important point in forensic analysis, and it can be conducted using chiral derivatization reagents or chiral columns. In order to respond to the growing drug crime, it is necessary to develop a fast and efficient analytical method.

• 복식
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• 제55권7호
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• pp.114-130
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• 2005

In postmodernism, the sublime that reaches ecstasy overcoming terror or pain is described as the most expressive phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to understand the sublime expressed in contemporary fashion. for this purpose, 1 investigated the theories of the sublime, categorized the definition and modes, then applied those categories for contemporary fashion. Documentary studies were conducted through aesthetic, design and fashion books and the demonstrative studies were processed by analyzing photos from fashion magazines. In the history of aesthetics, the sublime is explained as the ambivalent feeling mixed with pain and pleasure, terror and delight or negation and affirmation. In this study, the sublime could be defined as the aesthetic pleasure through the transcendence of the pain and terror and classified into 3 categories, the tragic, the initiative, and the deconstructive. The tragic sublime that includes the terrific, the disgusting and the religious character is expressed through the image of death or the physical torture, the satanic image or disgusting object and the ascetic image and religious sign or icons. The limitless sublime that includes the giant and the dynamic character is accomplished by consist of the elongation or the enlargement and the powerful authority. The deconsturctive sublime that includes the negative, the indeterminate and the complex character is associated with the deconstruction in style, the reversal of image and the destruction of the space of the body. Analysis on the sublime expressed in contemporary fashion may provide an excellent way for understanding human aesthetic consciousness in dress.