• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.112-137
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• 1993

As the concern with the creation of environmental problems and regulations about them becomes internationally growing, environmental cooperations with countries concerned are emerging as the first item on the political agenda. In case of South Korea, cooperations with countries in the Asian region is needed urgently. In particular, cooperations with North Korea will be an important factor to reunify the Korean peninsula as well as to solve environmental problems in South Korea. Accordingly, it is necessary to seek feasible alternatives and possibilities of coping with international environment in South and North Korea. This study is limited to literature study based on collecting materials and the testimony of former residents in North Korea. The period of study ranges from May to December in 1992. The research findings show the following environmental problems and alternatives : It is recognized in South Korea that the creation of environmental problems is product of economic development. Currently, the Korean government makes an effort to revise environmental administration and law, to encourage environmental education, and to proceed with environmental technology policies by establishing environmental policies together with economic development plans. North Korea ascribes the cause of environmental problems to colonial exploitation by Japan and the U.S. Environmental pollutants in North Korea is relatively less than South Korea, provisions such as environmental conservation movement, environmental education, and environmental administration and law are not well organized in the country. However, North korea will speed up its economic development to solve economic crises. Therefore, it is expected that industrial wastes, corrosion of nature, and water pollution will result in serious environmental problems. The fields expected to cooperate with South and North Korea are in the following : South Korea may adopt the model of the former East and West Germany and proceed to cooperate with North Korea in public sector as well as private sector. The possible programs are such as academic exchange to conserve environment, joint research in the area of the Demilitarized Zone, conservation of ecosystems around Imjin and Pukhan Rivers, South Korea's support of advanced environmental technology and industrial and financial aid to North Korea. Conflicts between countries concerned in the North East Asian region will be caused by the responsibilities of pollutions because of the seashore development of the Yellow Sea by South Korea and increasing seashore industrial complexes around the Yellow Sea in China, Therefore, it is desirable that the two countries will participate in organizations related to environment. Joint projects between South and North Korea will be as follows : 1. Construction of long-range monitoring system : 2. Investigation of the state of pollutions around the Yellow Sea and alternatives : 3. Construction of joint monitoring system to regulate the movement of pollutants : 4. Cooperation of environmental technology and exchange of information ; and 5. Support of Cooperation of environment in private sector. Efforts to cooperate with North korea is expected to overcome differences between the two countries as well as to encourage unification of the korean peninsula, which will lead to reducing the cost of environmental recovery. These efforts will also contribute to the maintenance for peace and stability on the korean peninsula as well as in the North East Asian region.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 1979

The characteristics of distribution of dissolved oxygen off the east coast of Korea were studied. The oxygen minimum layer was not clearly appeared on the vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen through the year. The dissolved oxygen content of the proper cold water of Japan Sea was 5.1-6.0ml/l which is very higher than those of the North Pacific region, and it means that the speed of transportation of a new and oxygen rich water from surface to deeper layer is relatively fast. Water masses in east coast of Korea can be classified by using of O$\_$2/-Salinity relations.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.575-585
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• 2018

In the case study of this paper, sensitivity experiments are carried out using the mesoscale non-hydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to investigate the impact of tropical cyclone (TC) Soudelor (2003) on the East Asian subtropical upper-level jet (EASJ) before TC Soudelor transformed into an extratropical cyclone. The physical mechanism for changes in the EASJ intensity and position caused by TC Soudelor is explored. Results indicate that TC Soudelor would warm the air in the middle and upper troposphere over the Japan Sea and the adjacent areas through stimulating northward propagating teleconnection pattern as well as releasing large amounts of latent heat, which led to increase (decrease) the meridional air temperature gradient to the south (north) below the EASJ axis. As a result, the geopotential height abnormally increased in the upper troposphere, resulting in an anomalous anticyclonic circulation belt along the EASJ axis. Correspondingly, the westerly winds to the north (south) of the EASJ axis intensified (weakened) and the EASJ axis shifted northward by one degree. The case study also suggests that before the extratropical cyclone transition of TC Soudelor, the TC activities had exerted significant impacts on the EASJ through thermodynamic processes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2019

The influence of water temperature (WT) on air temperature (AT) in the eastern and western coastal regions of the Korean peninsula in the winter was investigated using historical data from the Korean Meteorological Agency (KMA) and the National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), focusing on the relationship between AT and WT. The data analysis shows that, during winter, the AT is generally higher by +1.9 to $+2.7^{\circ}C$ at Kangreung ($37.2^{\circ}N$) in the eastern region than at Inchon ($37.4^{\circ}N$) in the western region, i.e., the AT in the eastern region of the Korean Peninsula tends to be higher overall than that in the western region when similar latitudes are compared. On the other hand, in the winters of 1977-2006, the WT at Sokcho was higher by $+0.8^{\circ}C$ (January) to $+2.3^{\circ}C$ (March) than that at Sochungdo, directly resulting in increased AT ($+1.22^{\circ}C$) at Sokcho. This study suggests that higher AT in the eastern region during winter is caused by the influence of water flow, such as the East Korean Warm Current in the East/Japan Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.127-133
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• 2010

In the ocean area surrounding the Korean Peninsula, the undersea earthquakes have occurred frequently during last decades. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is very vulnerable to tsunami attacks which occur along the Western Coast of Japan. In special, the middle areas of the eastern coast of Korean Peninsula have been damaged due to the Central East Sea Tsunami occurred in 1983. Thus, tsunami hazard mitigation becomes an important issue at eastern coastal communities. The countermeasures against unexpected tsunami attacks are not sufficient because the government policy generally focused on not preventing but recovering. In this paper, a hazard map based on the field survey and tsunami evacuation simulation is developed to mitigate tsunami damage at Imwon port, which was severely damaged during the 1983 Central East Sea Tsunami.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 1992

The most change in this century is supposed to be declination of ideology, and block of world economy. Addition to down full of cold war atmosphere around Northeast Asia, not only economic and social mood in this region is dramatically changed, but also it gave birth to the block of Northeast economy that accerlated new hub of world economy. According to dramatic change of economic surroundings the dynamic potential of growth in this region will be guided to enlarge inter-regional trade and increase volume of trade, thus suggests to grow steadily transportation. cargos in this region will have to arrange the system of delivery and inner transportation, accessary facilities, inter-regional harbors if North America and EC has connected easily. As have accerlated GATT and UR represented multilateralism and regionalism, it has regulated to increase trades of region due to relief of the trade barrier through specific areas has agreed with separately. The flow of regionalism of world economy has appeared to realize EC and NAFTA centered U.S.A, and also has presented to free trade region or one-size market agreement in Asia as APEC, EAEG in Malaysia, and etc. In defense to this block and internationalism of world economy, Pusan has to come forward to the hub of Northeast others has proposed a project to dominate the Northeast, Economy Association Agreement as Far East comprehensive development project in USSR, Hunchun development project in NK, and East Sea development project in PRC, Niigate regional development in Japan, Duman River development project in NK, and East Sea development project in Korea. As this exercise has proceed, Pusan also have arranged development strategy definitely and prepared provisions systematically. Engaging to participate center of delivery system is meant to be completed complex functions, namely the transfer storage processing & assembly function of international commodity. Pusan has ability to be terminal point of TSR. it had been connected to EC as the biggest economy block and TKR as complex transportation root to Far East, it would be the center of inground and seabase delivery terminal to Rotterdom as the biggest container pier and major piers to North-East and South East Asia. In order to provide a Role of 21 century's internationalization, Pusan has appealed to participate in management information research and development connected to Pohang-Ulsan-Changwon-Masan, and has utilized efficiently the resources such as man, material, money and information.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2018

We investigate the crustal and uppermost mantle SV- and SH-wave velocity structure and radial anisotropy beneath East Asia including Korea, China and Japan. Rayleigh waves and Love waves were extracted from the seismic data recorded at broadband seismic stations in East Asia. Using the MFT (Multiple Filter Technique), we obtained group velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves with a period range of 3 to 200 s. We obtained 62466 Rayleigh-waves dispersion-curve measurements in vertical components and 54141 Love-waves dispersion-curve measurements in transverse components, respectively. The inverted models using these data sets provide SV- and SH-wave velocity structure of crust and uppermost mantle down to 100 km depth. In both cases of the S-wave velocity structures, strong high-velocity anomalies are observed down to 30 km depth beneath the East Sea, and deeper than 30 km depth, strong low-velocity anomalies are found beneath the Tibetan plateau. In the case of the SH-wave velocity structure, strong low-velocity anomalies are observed beneath the East Sea deeper than 30 km depth, leading to negative anisotropy. On the other hand, positive anisotropy is usually observed beneath the Tibetan plateau.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.65-97
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• 2014

Arbitration is the dispute methods for speedy and economic resolutions in international commercial areas. In maritime disputes cases in East Asia, Korea and Japan are the regional benefits to cover and deal with the maritime cases on arbitration. And Korea and Japan are the competitive maritime industry for heavy shipbuilding industry, cargo carrier, processing and transhipment service on ports, and ship financial services in national competitive areas. Japan is the Tokyo maritime arbitration commission(TOMAC) as an uniquely capable of dealing with arbitrations involving problems arising in the sea field. TOMAC provides amended its arbitration rules 2014 aiming at matching with the maritime disputes circumstances with three maritime arbitration rules as ordinary rules, simplified rules and the rules of small claims arbitration procedure. KCAB however, as the unique commercial arbitration board in Korea is dealing on all of the commercial disputes on only the international commercial arbitration rules in 2011. Though KCAB is dealt with maritime dispute cases on international arbitration rules in Korea, it is small and simple compared with TOMAC in Japan. Maritime disputes are highly complicated and embroiled with multi-parties contract and subcontracts arising under contracts relating to bills of lading, charter parties, sale and purchase of ships, shipbuilding, ship financing and so forth. This paper is to provides a discussion and comparison on recently arbitration rules focus on the maritime aspects on Korea and Japan. We need to consider to make an independent and special institute and maritime arbitration rules including the multiparty consolidation and med-arb provisions for handling the disputes and resolution of maritime conflict cases in Korea.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.145-156
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• 2019

This study analyses land related problems and its features which stems from a concession established by the imperialist countries from the late Joseon Dynasty to the Japanese colonial period. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, literature review related to the installation of the treaty ports and a concession was conducted and a chronological analysis was applied. As a result of the study, the East China Sea and the Japan were opened by the Western powers in prior to the East Asia region, Korea was an open harbor port led by Japan, which had experience installing an open harbor. In this circumstance there was a system that allowed foreigners to freely reside and exercise exertion rights (exercise one's extraterritoriality), which was a disadvantage to Joseon. In addition, the Japanese-style land area unit "Pyeong" was used in Japan's highly influential prefecture, and later became the basis of the unit of land used in the 1910 land survey project.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1960

1. Mt. Soyo is situated in the central part of Korea, approximately 37$^{\circ}$56'W. Latitude, 127$^{\circ}$4'N. Longitude. This mountain is about 530 meters above sea level, and consists mainly of granites. Above 200 meters the area is covered with oak trees (Quercus mongolica, Q. aliena) with a kind of Rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii) as undergrowth. About 500 packets of bryophytes were collected by the writer in 1959. 2. The mosses collected in this region were of 68 species belonging to 51 genera. Those species may roughly be divided, as follows; 1) 15 species (22.1%) are distributed also in Europe and North America (Holarctic element). 2) 2 species (2.9%) occur also in Kamchatka and the Aleutians (North Pacific element). 3) 14 species (20.6%) are widely distributed every where (Cosmopolitan element). 4) 19 species (27.9%) occur also in the temperature region of the Far East (East Asiatic element). 5) 3 species (4.4%) occur also in Indomalaya and India (Tropical element). 6) 15 species (22.1%) are endemic to Japan and Korea. 3. The Hepaticae collected in this region are of 11 species belonging to 7 genera. Those may roughly be divided, as follows; 1) 4 species (36.4%) are distributed also in Europe and North America (Holarctc element). 2) 5 species (45.5%) occur also in the temperature region of the Far East (Asiatic element). 3) 1 species (9.1%) occur also in Indomlaya. 4) 1 species (9.1%) are endemic in Japan and Korea. 4. The species which are new to the flora of Korea are as follows; 1) Leucobryum glaucum (L.) Schimp. 2) Psedoleskeopsis dicurvata (Mitt.) Broth. 3) Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt. 4) Dolichotheca perrobustum (Broth.) Broth. 5) Brachiolejeunia sandvicensis (Gott). Evans. 6) Porella vernicosa Lindb. ssp. gracillina (Mitt.) Ando.