• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2007

Buddhist paintings in the late Joseon dynasty are characterized by diversification and subdivision of subject matters. Buddhist paintings rapidly declined since 19th century, being miniaturized and showing complicated composition. Figures that identified the shape of shoes in Buddhist paintings of late Joseon dynasty included sacheonwang that were placed in the left and right bottom of Buddhist paintings, sinjung, gwiwang and pan-gwan of siwangtaeng. Sacheonwang, an Indian folk god, was depicted as a noble person in "ahamgyeong", an early sutra, but was depicted as an armored warrior in Mahayana Buddhism world. The style of shoes sacheonwang in Korea were different depending on the times. The shoes of the sacheonwang sculpture in Seogguram of Shilla dynasty are sandal type. The sacheonwang that was drawn on Jijangbosaldo in Goryeo dynasty wears non-showy armor and red yi(履). The sacheonwang that was expressed on Buddhist paintings in Joseon dynasty wears showy armor and decorated hwa. Comparing the yi of Goryeo Jijangbosaldo sacheonwang with the yi of Bodhisattva on the Dunhuang yeolbanbyeonsangdo, Jijangbosaldo sacheonwang's shoes are Korean style in which the sole is flat and the front part has no decoration, but in the shoes of Bodhisattva on the Dunhuang yeolbanbyeonsangdo the sole is not flat, the front part is lifted. The style of shoes of pan-gwan, who is depicted on Siwangtaeng, is hwa. However, unlike the decorative hwa of sacheonwang, its front is not lifted and it has no decoration. It is assumed that the shoes of sacheonwang or pan-gwan represented obangsaek based on the idea of eumyang-ohaeng. Depiction of shoes shown in Buddhist paintings reflected the phases of the social life. In addition, the sandals of Shilla sacheonwang implies that sourthern culture in addition to Buddhism was introduced. Having expressed the shoes of Goryeo sacheonwang with conventional yi implies that Buddhism governed the inner world of the people, and the shape and material of the shoes reveals aristocracy. It is assumed that that an armored warrior wore yi, not hwa implies that the then society was stable. Also, it is assumed that that the shoes of sacheonwang on Buddhist paintings in Joseon dynasty were hwa implies that the role of tutelary god was stressed in the disordered society.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2015

This paper presents numerical results of static structural stability analysis in development of a vertical transfer device of a PRT(Personal Rapid Transit) vehicle. The vertical transfer of a fully occupied vehicle operating on a road network is the first attempt, which is expected to contribute to overcome the limitations of conventional 2-dimensional operation mode. In particular, the vertical transfer apparatus designed based on vertical circulating conveyors is capable of continuous transfer without time delay so that it enables to accommodate a high traffic density. This system has been frequently used in a logistics field; however, it is essential to assess a structural integrity because an external force by a vehicle weight is exerted on the conveyors in the form of a concentrated load unlike a conventional logistic transport. In this study, prior to the production process, the structural performance of the pilot design in an early stage is numerically evaluated using the commercial finite element method (FEM) solver (i.e., $Ansys^{(R)}$).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2002

This study was carried out to determine the effect of chemical fertilizer and two fermented types of pig slurry on the total dry matter yield and quality of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and chemical properties of soil after harvest in Jeju area. Three treatments consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF) 200kg 7kg Nha $^1$, aerobic fermented pig slurry (PS)200kg 7kg Nha $^1$, and aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics (PS+P) 200kg 7kg Nha $^1$were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The heights of plant applied fermented pig slurry were slightly taller than those of plants applied chemical fertilizer during early growing stage, but there was no difference among treatments when the plants were harvested. The total forage dry matter yields were in the range of 14,848~ 15,42kg/ha, but they were not significantly different. Also, CP, NDF, ADF and mineral contents in the forage(% of DM basis) did not differ among treatments. The pH of soil was ranged from 5.35 to 5.63, but it was not significantly different. However, the content of available $P_2O_5$ of soil was higher(P<0.05) in chemical fertilizer treatment than that of soil in fermented pig slurry treatments. The content of K was higher(p<0.05) when ffrrmented pig slurry treated with probiotics was applied after the 1st harvest. but it was not different among treatments after the and harvest.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 2008

A tunnel behavior predicted in the investigation and design stage is often different from its actual behavior due to mainly the complexity of ground conditions. In a tunnel construction, therefore, it is necessary to ensure the stability of the tunnel by predicting the behaviors of the ground and the supports through observations and measurements, and modifying immediately excavation and reinforcing methods when necessary. To do so, it is important to be able to predict the final tunnel behavior based on the initial tunnel behavior as early as possible. In this study, the correlations were obtained between the initial and the final convergence by analyzing statistically the convergence measurement data, collected from two domestic road tunnels under construction using NATM. In order to estimate the unknown displacements, occurred during the period between the excavation and the first measurement, two methods were used - one is the method by means of regression analysis using a modified exponential function and the other the method by a simple linear regression analysis using the data measured within the distance from tunnel face equal to the tunnel diameter (D). Finally, the relationships were obtained between the initial and final convergence, including the non-measured displacements estimated from the two different methods, by performing linear regression analyses. The regression analysis results showed that there are clear linear relationships between the initial and final convegence and the difference between the two linear regression equations was not that large for when using the exponential function and the simple linear function to estimate the non-measured displacements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1455-1463
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• 2006

Effects of different levels of molasses in a concentrate supplement on milk yield of cows grazing Setaria grass pastures were investigated. Thirty Friesian cows, 6-7 years old with mean pre-experimental body weight of $428{\pm}6.5$ kg, in early stage of lactation were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design experiment that lasted for 126 days. Experimental dietary treatments were forage alone and forage/concentrate mixtures with molasses included at 0, 5, 10 or 15% levels designated as $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$, respectively. The parameters studied were voluntary dry matter (DM) intake, average daily live weight change (LWC), milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. The DM and energy contents of Setaria grass were low compared to the concentrate diets. Fibre fractions-NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose; and gross energy were higher in concentrate mixtures than in the forage. Total DM intake (forage+concentrate mixtures) was significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on the concentrate mixtures. LWC was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the cows. Average milk yields were significantly different (p<0.05) between cows. Fat corrected milk (FCM) was similar among cows in the treatments. BCS was better (p<0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. Digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, OM, and energy were significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$ than in those on $T_1$. There were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL (p>0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. This study therefore demonstrated that lactating dairy cows in Fiji need a level of readily fermented energy source such as molasses in their diets; however, a level above 10% is not nutritionally suitable for lactating dairy cows. Based on data on production parameters-milk yield, fat corrected milk, body condition score and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients-molasses levels that range between 5-10% are recommended, however, 10% is the best and therefore recommended for inclusion in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows on a basal diet of Setaria sphacelata in Fiji.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2006

This study was conducted on a commerce silt loam soil at paddy field in the southwestern Korea ($36^{\circ}N$ lat). In the study of planting time, seed were hand planted at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July, and at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July in 2005, respectively. Two seedlings plants per hill were taken prior to V3 stage. Fertilizer was applied prior to plant at a rate of 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.4 g (N - P - K) per square meter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with three replications. Yield was significantly affected by different of the planting times and cultivars. The seed yield in planting time was the highest on late in May 24 but was the lowest on July 5. Also, the plant time significantly affected on increasing pod and seed number and seed weight. The days from emergence to flowering and maturity was reducing tendency with late planting time. The highest and lowest total dry matter production per square meter appeared at late in May and early in July with planting time, respectively. RGR, LAR and SLA was increased with late planting time. Photosynthetic rate at each planting time was not significant on the expanded the highest leaf position but at seed development stage, it was higher photosynthetic rate at May 24 than that of late planting time on $7^{th}$ laef position from the basal part.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.305-312
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• 2018

There is a general consensus that Baekjeing means Butcher after the Joseon Dynasty. In the Goryeo Dynasty, the title of "Baekjeong" was named as a general farmer's name, "Hwacheok" and "Jaecheok" from the north, but it changed its name to Shin Baekjeong by nationalization policy in the early Joseon Dynasty. They were multicultural Ancestors who worked for jobs which people despised. The purpose of this study is to examine the background and trends of how these were stripped of their identity and to present a direction for deciding on the policy of multiculturalism which is the subject of our society today. Based on the researches of historical researchers, the study examines the multicultural dynamics of old period and observes the present phenomenon by interpreting the statistics of the related institutions of the government. We realized that the reason for the liberation of the Baekjeong has a various causes and its causes are similar to the phenomenon of today 's multicultural society, so that the depth research on each factor will be added to form a desirable policy base for multiculturalism in our country.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out at paddy field (commercial silty loam soil) in the southwestern Korea. Pungsannamulkong, a determinate growth habit, was a relatively high yielding and late maturing cultivar, and Han­namkong, a semi determinate growth habit, was a relatively low yielding and early maturing cultivar. Seeds were sowed at two plants and with a planting density of $70{\times}10cm$ on May 26, 2003. Fertilizer was applied prior to planting at a rate of 3.0-3.0-3.4g $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O)\;per\;m^2$ by all basal fertilizations. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Seed yield was higher in Pungsannamulkong by 362g per $m^2$ than in Hannamkong of 260g per $m^2$ Also, the number of pod, number of seed, and number of seed per pod were greater in Pungsannamulkong than in Hannamkong. The number of leaves per $m^2$ showed similar with two soybean cultivars up to August 24 but thereafter it decreased in Hannamkong. The leaf area up to August 4 increased in Hannamkong higher than in Pungsannamulkong, but after that time, Pungsannamulkong had greater leaf area than Hannamkong. The shoot and leaf dry matter of two soybean cultivars from June 23 to August 4 were similar but thereafter, Pungsannamulkong had a significantly greater than Hannamkong. Crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilate rate (NAR) for Punsannamulkong were relatively higher than Hannamkong but leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf weight (SLW) showed higher in Hannamkong. Most of leaves distributed in the ranges of 80-90cm and 60-70cm from the soil surface in Punsannamulkong and Hannamkong, respectively. Pods of Punsannamulkong ranged 10-80cm from the soil surface and most of pods were distributed at 40-50cm. Photosynthetic rate at the flowering stage showed a significant difference between cultivars in the upper most leaf position. There was no significant difference of the photosynthetic rate at $7^{tn}$ leaf at the flowering stage, and the uppermost and 7th leaf position at the seed development stage between two soybean cultivars.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.183-183
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• 2017

In the early part of rice growth, root volume primarily limits the amount of plant-accessible nitrogen (N). Therefore, knowledge of the root development is important for modeling N uptake of rice. The timing when the volume of rhizosphere cover the whole soil is also important to carry out timely top dressing. However, information about initial root expansion and associated N uptake is limited due to intrinsic technical difficulties in assessing below-ground processes. Some studies, however, showed a close relationship between below-ground root and above-ground leaf development, suggesting a possibility that above-ground attributes could serve as surrogates for the root processes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between below-ground and above-ground development of rice. Field experiments were conducted where we cultivated Koshihikari (a leading cultivar in Japan) for four different cropping schedules in 2012. In 2016, Gimbozu (HEG4) and three flowering time mutant lines of Gimbozu (X61 (se13), HS276 (ef7), DMG9 (se13, ef7)) were examined for a single season. Experiments were performed with three replications in a completely randomized design. We monitored ammonium-N concentration ([NH4+-N]) in soil solution by repeatedly taking samples from a porous tubing (10-cm long) vertically inserted at the most distant point from surrounding rice hills. Samples were taken in triplicate (= triplicate tubes) and every three days from transplanting in each experimental unit. For above-ground attributes, leaf area index (LAI) was measured in 2012, whereas soil coverage ratio was estimated by image processing in 2016. Results showed that [NH4+-N] increased gradually after transplanting and then rapidly decreased from a certain day. This distinct drop in [NH4+-N] informed us the timing at which the rice root system reached the point of porous tubing and thus essentially covered the whole soil volume. The LAI at the dropping point was about 0.43 regardless of the cropping schedules in 2012 experiment. In 2016, the coverage ratio at the N dropping point was within the range of 0.12 to 0.19 for four genotypes having different growth durations. In addition, the coverage ratios at seven weeks after the transplanting showed a good correspondence to LAI across the four genotypes. We therefore conclude that both LAI and coverage ratio may serve as robust indicators for root development and might be useful to estimate the timing when the root system fully cover the soil volume. Results obtained here will also contribute to develop models that can predict not only above-ground canopy development but also associated below-ground processes.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2017

In this paper, we designed a LBS-based smart platform for Lifelog service that can utilize the other's lifelog information. The conventional Lifelog service means that the system records the daily activities of the smart device user so the user can retrieve the early-recorded information later. The proposed Lifelog service platform uses the GPS/UFID location information and the various information extracted from the image as the lifelog data. Further, the proposed Lifelog platform using DB can provide the user with the Lifelog data recorded by the other service user. The system usually provide the other's Lifelog data within the 500m distance from the user and the range of distance can be adjustable. The proposed smart platform based on image recognition for Lifelog can acquire the image from the smart device directly and perform the various image recognition processing to produce the useful image attributes. And it can store the location information, image data, image attributes and the relevant web informations on the database that can be retrieved by the other use's request. The attributes stored and managed in the image information database consist of the followings: Object ID, the image type, the capture time and the image GPS coordinates. The image type attribute has the following values: the mountain, the sea, the street, the front of building, the inside of building and the portrait. The captured image can be classified into the above image type by the pattern matching image processing techniques and the user's direct selection as well. In case of the portrait-attribute, we can choose the multiple sub-attribute values from the shirt, pant, dress and accessory sub-attributes. Managing the Lifelog data in the database, the system can provide the user with the useful additional services like a path finding to the location of the other service user's Lifelog data and information.