• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.277-291
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• 2009

The flora in the region of Songnisan National Park ($N36^{\circ}28^{\prime}05^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}36^{\circ}46^{\prime}38^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, $E\;127^{\circ}47^{\prime}06^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}127^{\circ}57^{\prime}50^{{\prime}{\prime}}$) was surveyed from April 2000 to July 2006. Vascular plants in 26 collections included a total of 723 taxa: 115 families, 392 genera, 629 species, 4 subspecies, 72 varieties and 18 forms. Ninety-three of these taxa were first records for the region. In the flora of Songnisan National Park, 27 taxa were Korean endemic plants, 19 taxa were rare and endangered plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service. Forty-five of the taxa were with the levels III, IV, V in the floristic regional indicator plants which was designated by Korean Ministry of Environment, and 29 taxa were alien plants now naturalized in Korea. Owing to their unusual phytogeography and low number of populations, the taxa Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Baker & S.Moore, Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai, Phacellanthus tubiflorus Siebold & Zucc., Lilium cernuum Kom., Gastrodia elata Blume and Cephalanthera erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & Kud ) Ohwi were considered the most important. Based on these results, it is clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Songnisan National Park must be made immediately.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.881-886
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• 2016

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb. ex, Murray) is an herbaceous and a member of the genus Cephalanthera in the family Orchidaceae. The species is an herbaceous and has reputed Chinese medicinal value. It has been investigated the population density and spatial distribution of this species at Mt. Ahop in Korea during 2015. The spatial pattern of C. erecta was analyzed according to several patchiness indexes, population uniformity or aggregation under different sizes of plots by dispersion indices, and spatial autocorrelation. The mean crowding (M*) and patchiness index (PAI) showed positive values except one small plot (2 m × 2 m). Most natural individuals of C. erecta for plots were not uniformly distributed in the forest community. The small plots (2 m × 2 m, to 8 m × 16 m) of C. erecta were uniformly distributed in the forest community and large plots (16 m × 16 m and 16 m × 32 m) were aggregately distributed. Significant aggregations by Moran's I of C. erecta were partially observed within IV classes (12 m). Dissimilarity among pairs of individuals could found by more than 18.0 m. In conclusion, the geographic distribution of C. erecta is not even with varying degrees of size of plots and human activities give rise to density effects in the plots at Mt. Ahop in Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.582-590
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• 2018

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) play a pivotal role in vascular regeneration in ischemic tissues; however, their therapeutic application in clinical settings is limited due to the low quality and quantity of patient-derived circulating EPCs. To solve this problem, we evaluated whether three priming small molecules (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, fucoidan, and oleuropein) could enhance the angiogenic potential of EPCs. Such enhancement would promote the cellular bioactivities and help to develop functionally improved EPC therapeutics for ischemic diseases by accelerating the priming effect of the defined physiological molecules. We found that preconditioning of each of the three small molecules significantly induced the differentiation potential of $CD34^+$ stem cells into EPC lineage cells. Notably, long-term priming of OECs with the three chemical cocktail (OEC-3C) increased the proliferation potential of EPCs via ERK activation. The migration, invasion, and tube-forming capacities were also significantly enhanced in OEC-3Cs compared with unprimed OECs. Further, the cell survival ratio was dramatically increased in OEC-3Cs against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress via the augmented expression of Bcl-2, a pro-survival protein. In conclusion, we identified three small molecules for enhancing the bioactivities of ex vivo-expanded OECs for vascular repair. Long-term 3C priming might be a promising methodology for EPC-based therapy against ischemic diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2020

Circadian rhythm is an endogenous oscillation of about 24-h period in many physiological processes and behaviors. This daily oscillation is maintained by the molecular clock machinery with transcriptional-translational feedback loops mediated by clock genes including Period2 (Per2) and Bmal1. Recently, it was revealed that gut microbiome exerts a significant impact on the circadian physiology and behavior of its host; however, the mechanism through which it regulates the molecular clock has remained elusive. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (4-OH-PPA) and 3-phenylpropionic acid (PPA) are major metabolites exclusively produced by Clostridium sporogenes and may function as unique chemical messengers communicating with its host. In the present study, we examined if two C. sporogenes-derived metabolites can modulate the oscillation of mammalian molecular clock. Interestingly, 4-OH-PPA and PPA increased the amplitude of both PER2 and Bmal1 oscillation in a dose-dependent manner following their administration immediately after the nadir or the peak of their rhythm. The phase of PER2 oscillation responded differently depending on the mode of administration of the metabolites. In addition, using an organotypic slice culture ex vivo, treatment with 4-OH-PPA increased the amplitude and lengthened the period of PER2 oscillation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other tissues. In summary, two C. sporogenes-derived metabolites are involved in the regulation of circadian oscillation of Per2 and Bmal1 clock genes in the host's peripheral and central clock machineries.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.268-272
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the labor saving cultivation of C. auriculatum, which has much bigger root than local variety C. wilfordii, and tested three nonsupporting methods, i.e., untreated control, top pinching, and cutting of branch-top compared with I type stake. Top growth was more vigorous in staking cultivation than in nonsupporting cultivations. Among nonsupporting methods, main vine length and total length of main vines per plant were increased in order of untreated control > top pinching > cutting of branch-top, while the opposite is true to diameter of main vein. Number of leaves per plant was lower, but leaf length and leaf width were higher in cutting of branch-top than in other nonsupporting methods. Number of branched root and diameter of main root were bigger in cutting of branch-top and in staking cultivation, while length of main root and diameter of branched root were greater in staking cultivation and in top pinching than in other treatments. Although yield of marketable root per 10a was $17.9{\sim}22.6%$ lower, income was $8%{\sim}17%$ higher in nonsupporting methods than in staking cultivation by cost saving to staking installation. Among nonsupporting methods, yield of marketable root and income were 6% and 8% higher in cutting of branch-top than in untreated control, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2000

Fenton’s oxidation process is one of the most commonly applied processes to the wastewater which cannot be treated by conventional biological treatment processes. However, it is necessary to minimize the cost of Fenton’s oxidation treatment by modifying the treatment processes or other means of chemical treatment. So, as a method for the chemical oxidation of biorefractory or nonbiodegradable organic pollutants, the Photo-Fenton-Reaction which utilizes iron(11)salt. $H_2O$$_2$ and UV-light simultaneously has been proprosed. Therfore, the purpose of this study is to test a removal efficiency of dye-wastewater and treatment cost with Fenton’s and Photo-Fenton’s oxidation process. The Fe(11)/$H_2O$$_2$ reagent is referred to as the fenton’s reagent. which produces hydroxy radicals by the interaction of Fe(11) with $H_2O$$_2$. In this exoeriment, the main results are as followed; 1. The Fenton oxidation was most efficient in the pH range of 3-5. The optimal condition for initial reaction pH was 3.5 for the high CO $D_{Cr}$ & TOC-removal efficiency. 2. The removal efficiency of TOC and CO $D_{Cr}$ increased up to the molar ration between ferrate and hydrogen peroxide 0.2:1, but above that ratio removal efficiency hardly increased. 3. The highest removal efficiency of TOC and CO $D_{Cr}$ were showed when the mole ration of ferrate to hydrogen peroxide was 0.2:3.4. 4. Without pretreatment process, photo-fenton oxidation which was not absorbed UV light was not different to fenton oxidation. 5. And Fenton oxidtion with pretreatment process was similar to Fenton oxidation in the absence of coagulation, the proper dosage of F $e^{2+}$: $H_2O$$_2$ was 0.2:1 for the optimal removal efficiency of TOC or CO $D_{Cr}$ .6. Also, TOC & CO $D_{Cr}$ removal efficiency in the photo-fenton oxidation with pretreatment was increased when UV light intensity enhanced.7. Optimum light intensity in the range from 0 to 1200 W/$m^2$ showed that UV-intensity with 1200W/$m^2$ was the optimum condition, when F $e_{2+}$:$H_2O$$_2$ ratio for the highest decomposition was 0.2:2.5.EX>$_2$ ratio for the highest decomposition was 0.2:2.5.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2014

This study describes analysis of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of Korean poplar (Populus koreana Rehder) in Mt. Odae using I-SSR markers. P. koreana is a deciduous broad-leaved tree species that primarily grows in the alpine valleys of China, Russia and North Korea. In South Korea, P. koreana is found limitedly in Gangwon province. Especially, the population in Mt. Odae is located on the southern limit line, its importance is emphasized from the genetic resource conservation perspective. The Shannon's diversity (I=0.230) and the expected heterozygosity (He=0.151) were relatively low as compared with those of other plant species. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Tanimoto's distance showed that the genetic patch was founded within 400 m. It is suggested that individual trees for ex situ conservation should be sampled with a minimum distance of 400 m between trees.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

Bulb onion cultivation area has been restricted in southern part of Korea to avoid blotting and bulb division. The traditional culture method is transplanting bare-rooted plantlet into the field at the end of summer and harvesting at the beginning of next summer. The hot weather and weak plantlets occasionally causes unstable supply of onions in autumn. In order to enlarge cultivation area and to reduce culture period, long nursery system using plug tray and spring transplanting was tried. Forty cultivars collected from Korea and Japan were nursed using 200-plug tray and transplanted to the field in spring. Marketable yield was not related to the seedling size but lodging time. Cultivar of 'Hamasodachi' was lodged early and resulted low marketable yield. Cultivar of 'Cheonjudaego' was not lodged and yielded high but not in accordance with storability. Generally early lodged cultivars showed low storability. In order to avoid rainy harvesting season, cultivars requires excessive long time for lodging is not recommended for spring culture. Using plug nursery and spring transplanting, we successfully produced marketable onions in 3 months. But immediate using of the harvested onion is recommended. The storability of produced onions showed different result among cultivars, storage of spring onion was not recommended.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 1987

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of paddy soil on the adsorption and desorption of $Sr^{90}$ from absorbed soils. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Most of the adsorbed $Sr^{90}$ was exchangeable and water soluble. $Sr^{90}$ extracted by ammonium acetate was very high compared to the water soluble fractions, and the ammount decreased with the increase of calcium application, but increased proportionally with the increase of $Sr^{90}$ treatment. 2. The distribution of $Sr^{90}$ in paddy soil depend on the soil type. Average-distribution rates of water soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable fractions of $Sr^{90}$ in the soils were 28.6%, 59.3% and 12.1% respectively. 3. The non-exchangeable from of $Sr^{90}$ was high in the soils of high illite and low vermiculite content. 4. The desorption of $Sr^{90}$ from adsorbed soils decreased with the increase of pH and ex-cations of the soils, but increased with the amount of organic matter and clay content in the soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide information on management and apply it to a roadside ground cover plant understanding the capacity of calcium chloride in the plant. The experimental group was composed of the ratio control group of calcium chloride, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% in 500g of soil. Plant materials were selected and measured according to their ecological characteristics such as ground cover plant, Pachysandra terminalis, Hosta plantaginea, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Vitex rotundifolia, Euonymus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. The acidity of the amended soil was increased gradually depending on the treatment and conductivity was continually decreased. The EX-Ca increased after the treatment, but decreased in the middle of the experiment. Pachysandra terminalis, Trachelospermum asiaticum and Euonymus japonica were able to grow and survive at the ratio of 0.5%. Hosta plantaginea and Vitex rotundifolia were able to survive at the ratio of 1.0%. Hosta plantaginea, the possible state can absorb salts due to moisture and, can be applied to ground cover plants in the roadside. The growth and development of Callicarpa japonica was poor and the leaves were open to grow for calcium chloride treatment except the control group. It was concluded that Callicarpa japonica was very sensitive to calcium chloride.