• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.77-109
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to review the current trend of FDIs by Korean companies into EU, and to present the optimal strategies for them to combine their firm-specific factors and FDI attractiveness of the regions in EU. The companies are divided into two categories, SMEs and large enterprises. The regions of EU are composed of 15 incumbent members before the fifth enlargement in 2004 and 12 new members. Large Korean companies tend to make large investments in 15 incumbent members with stable and mature markets. Korean SMEs, by contrast, mainly invest on small scales in the new members due to the lack of their available inner resources and knowledge for the markets. The main objects of the investments in EU by the large Korean companies are to gain more market share and to acquire the advanced technologies. Although such goals are also important for the SMEs, the most important objects for the investments by Korean SMEs in EU are usually to enter EU markets and to take advantage of the relatively cheap labor forces for the efficient operations. The effects of such passive strategies by the SMEs, however, are expected to extinct because the cost advantages in regions of the new EU members will not last in the long term, so the SMEs must take longer views for the choice of locations. Many empirical results suggest that the optimal FDI strategies for the Korean companies in EU could be worked mainly by more aggressive localization policy of companies and by the cooperations of SMEs and large enterprises for the reduction in costs of foreignness.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.22
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• pp.167-191
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• 2007

The EU has introduced various environmental protection policies and regulations which are stricter than accepted international standards. WEEE, RoHS, and EuP directives in the Electrical and Electronic Industry could have a direct effect on our exports to EU countries. To gradually enlarge exports to the EU, it is necessary to have a precise understanding of the EU's environmental regulations and prepare the relevant countermeasures to adequately cope with them. Korean companies should formulate concrete plans to meet the EU's environmental regulations in those industry. In order to decrease the negative effects that environmental regulations of EU give to Korea, the corporations and the government should change their present passive environmental policy and carry out the environmental- friendly policy. If Korean companies can adequately meet the standards set by the environmental policies and regulations of the EU, it will greatly enhance the competitiveness of companies in this market.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.191-225
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• 2014

Most of all, this paper analyzes the current situation of EU(European Union) and ascertain EU's economic condition in terms of tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. and the purpose of this article is to find out the problems of EU's tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. Next, We suggest some future direction of export promotion from Korea to EU more largely for our companies. First, this paper describes the characteristics and outline of EU. The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) and the European Economic Community(EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. After that, The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. There are a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants and generated a nominal gross domestic product(GDP) of 16.692 trillion US dollars in EU. The results are as follows ; First of all, In terms of tariff lines and customs duties, Our companies have to know precisely EU's real tariff lines and other customs duties, and such as value added tax and exercise tax, corporate tax regulated by EU commission and EU's 28 members. second, our companies have to confirm EU's non-tariff barriers. such as RoHS, WEEE, REACH. These non-tariff barriers could be hindrances or obstacles to trade with foreign companies in other countries. We perceive all companies exporting to EU are related with these Technical Barriers to Trade irrespective of their nationality. So, Our companies fulfill the requirements of EU Commission concerning safety, health, environment etc. Also, Our companies choose market-driven strategy to export more largely than before in the field of marketing and logistics.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.207-232
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• 2013

FTA(Free Trade Agreement) of South Korea and European Union(EU) took effect from July 1, 2011. Korea signed a contract FTA with the European Union by first among Asian country, and Korea EU FTA is evaluated that it is wide, comprehensive and high level FTA. Therefore, Korea EU FTA will become FTA that dimension is high, and FTA fermentation with the European Union may activate the Korean economy through extension of export. By the way, in Korea EU FTA, the stipulations on import and export clearance system is different compared with other FTA. Therefore, exporter and importers should compare thoroughly on essential factor of origin standard and preferential tariff which is set in FTA Agreement. In this study, I analyzed 'conditions of direct transport' that is prescribed in article 13 of Korea EU FTA. Particular, I analyzed recently example of appeal for review that decision is made in the Korea Customs Service(KCS). Laying stress on counter measure of business, conclusion in this study is as following. First, companies must understand correctly a single consignment and a single transport document under Korea EU FTA. Second, companies must not analyze wrong 'conditions of direct transport'. Third, when simplicity transshipment or temporary custody is consisted, companies must secure documentary evidence as soon as possible. Fourth, in case goods pass third country, companies must understand uprightly 'a single consignment'. Finally, companies should keep in mind to truth that European Union and EFTA are different FTA.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to analyze the relationship between trends in innovative EU industries and market distribution in smaller emerging markets under an open economy. Research design, data, and methodology - Although innovation was well-distributed, due to socio-economic factors following European integration, CEE had not achieved sustainable economic growth. However, this paper analyzes the differences among changes in CEE innovation for smaller emerging markets dominated since 2000. Market distribution has facilitated new markets for innovative industries, according to EU surveys and economic indicators. Results - The dominance of the local industrial market distribution has deterred innovation investment the survey shows that innovation investment has been shrinking, despite the EU's open innovation policy for CEE employment and R&D. For the CEE case, there were expectation gaps and uncertainty about whether to use the new distribution dominance or TNCs' innovation in smaller emerging countries without local industrial innovation. Conclusions - Innovation generates market growth and distribution power however, small growth requires stimulation, and creativity and innovative edge need further focus in local public and corporate strategy.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-44
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• 2017

In 2017, the EU-Japan FTA talks were resumed ahead of the G20 summit in Brussels, Belgium, and agreed to abolish tariffs on 95% of all trade items. These figures are highly liberalized agreements that are equivalent to the Pacific Rim Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP). Particularly, Japanese automobiles were aggressively negotiating the abolition of tariffs with 7-year grace period and the gradual elimination of European cheese in 15 years. If the agreement is concluded, the tariffs of 1 billion euros (about 1.3 trillion won) will disappear, and Korea, which has similar industrial structure with Japan, will be hit by the processed food, chemical products, medical equipment, dairy products and automobile industries. do. The purpose of this study is to examine the mutual recognition agreement (MRA) that can directly affect the Korean companies in the content of the Japan-EU FTA and to suggest the implications for the Korean export companies.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.89-110
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• 2018

The purposes of this study are as follows: First, this study reviews the Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) regulations of the EU to resolve disputes which can arise in international e-commerce in the future. Second, this study tries to seek out alternative solutions to dispute resolutions based on these regulations. Third, this study increases the efficiency of the transactions by proposing effective and satisfactory dispute resolution methods for international e-commerce. First, this study reviews the concept of cross-border e-commerce, generally explores ODR, and creates comparisons with Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Subsequently, this study looks into domestic ODR system and analyzes the regulations of EU ODR. This study suggests the implications of the European ODR regulations in the conclusion. The EU ODR platform is considered greatly significant in that it has increased the possibility of settlements in small disputes by enhancing consumers' accessibility to ADR procedures. Therefore, this thesis proposes a method for Korean companies to resolve disputes that may arise in e-commerce with EU by using the ODR platform. As a result, it is expected to increase the competitiveness of Korean companies in the EU market. Both legislative trends related to the ODR of the EU and establishment of the EU ODR platform have significant implications for Korean businesses in Europe. This study is expected to be useful for our businesses in the EU in reviewing the applicability of the EU ODR regulations and the dispute settlement procedures through the EU ODR platform. In addition, this study is expected to prove useful in relation to consumer protection by enhancing consumers' accessibility to dispute settlement institutions in domestic electronic commerce.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.32-41
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• 2021

The EU enacted a law strongly regulating the GDPR to protect the privacy of its citizens on 25 May 2018. Compliance with GDPR is an essential prerequisite for companies to enter the European market in the global economic era. In this paper, Step-by-step measures have been defined to conclude DPA agreements for the appropriate level of protection against EU personal data transfer. To explore the benefits and expected effects of determining appropriateness at the government level. As a result, enterprises benefit from simplifying processes, reducing time, and reducing costs when entering the EU. Government-level support in response to personal data breach and communication with the EU Commission will have a positive impact, However, even after the adequacy decision, the entity continues to need activities to secure personal data through compliance with GDPR principles and obligations. Major operations of companies that comply with GDPR are also maintained as important tasks that must be observed in most cases except for the Data Protection Agreement.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2016

Korea has introduced Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (Korea ETS) since 2015. However, not many companies voluntarily participate in the emissions trading. The goal of this paper is to provide the way to improve the Korea ETS. This study compares the Korea ETS with EU Emissions Trading System, which has been practiced for a decade, and suggests three strategies to activate the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme. The first thing is to encourage more companies to participate in the emissions trading since the number of companies in the emissions trading in Korea is quite limited compared with that of EU. The second thing is to activate the trading of Korean Credit Unit in order to stimulate various emission reduction mechanisms. Currently, the most of the trading in the emissions market is through the Korean Allowance Unit. The third thing is to establish concrete measures to continuously improve the Korea ETS. A comprehensive evaluation of the Korea ETS is needed along with the ongoing convergence with the associated comments. The improvement of Korea ETS would be one of the most efficient ways to compete the climate change, and would also play a role to raise the status of Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.648-653
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• 2012

The government announced a strategy for the world's leading science and technology from 2008 to 2012. South Korea government has committed 1.3 percent for joint research projects research among total budget. The goal of this paper is to find Strategy for international technological participating particularly EU. This paper consists of six chapters. Chapter 2 the status of international collaborative research participation of korean companies. Chapter 3 is the theoretical basic. Chapter 4 is research methods. Chapter 5 of this paper is presented EUREKA collaboration as core of this paper. Chapter 6 hat conclusions and policy proposals.