• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

The enhancement of immunity for atopic dermatitis with application of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-loaded liposome was evaluated on NC/Nga mice. The EPA-loaded liposome was coated with thiol-chitosan. The liposomes were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface zeta potential & particle size analyzer (Zeta-PSA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The loading efficiency of EPA in the liposome was about 4.7%. The particle size of the EPA-Ioaded liposome was about 230 nm. The values of Immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) were reduced significantly with application of the EPA-loaded liposome. The interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$) value was increased with the application effect. It is concluded that EPA loaded liposome have immunity advancing effects in mouse model of atopic dermatitis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.170-172
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• 1989

It is preyed that marine algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa can synthesize about 3.52% of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) of dry cell weight at the light intensity of 10 W/$\m^2$ which is optimal light intensity of producing EPA at $25^{\circ}C$. An equation to predict the amounts of EPA in the culture broth is derived as an exponential form with 0.91 of the correlation factor. The behavior of cell growth follows a photo-inhibition model by showing 12 W/$\m^2$ of saturation light intensity.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2011

The positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and multilinear engine (ME2) models have been shown to be powerful environmental analysis techniques and have been successfully applied to the assessment of ambient particulate matter (PM) source contributions. Because these models are difficult to apply practically, the US EPA developed a more user-friendly version of the PMF. The initial version of the EPA PMF model does not provide any rotational capabilities; for this reason, the model was upgraded to include rotational functions in the EPA PMF ver. 2.0. In this study, PMF and EPA PMF modeling identified ten particulate matter sources including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerators, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion, and diesel emissions. All of the source profiles determined by the two models showed excellent agreement. The calculated average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were consistent between the PMF2 and EPA PMF ($17.94{\pm}0.30{\mu}g/m^3$ and $17.94{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Also, each set of estimated source contributions of the PMF2 and EPA PMF showed good agreement. The results from the new EPA PMF version applying rotational functions were consistent with those of PMF2. Therefore, the updated version of EPA PMF with rotational capabilities will provide more reasonable solutions compared with those of PMF2 and can be more widely applied to air quality management.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

Methodologies of NEWTRIT model, NRC model and AIRDOS-EPA model, which are off-site dose assessment models for regulatory compliance from routine releases of tritium into the environment, were investigated. Using the domestic data, if available, the predictive results of the models were compared. Among them, recently developed NEWTRIT model considers only doses from organically bounded tritium (OBT) due to environmental releases of tritiated water (HTO) . A total dose from all exposure pathways predicted from AIRDOS-EPA model was 1.03 and 2.46 times higher than that from NEWTRIT model and NRC model, respectively. From above result, readers should not have an understanding that a predictive dose from NRC model may be underestimated compared with a realistic dose. It is because of that both mathematical models and corresponding parameter values for regulatory compliance are based on the conservative assumptions. For a dose by food consumption predicted from NEWTRIT model, the contribution of OBT was nearly equivalent to that of HTO due to relatively high consumption of grains in Korean. Although a total dose predicted from NEWTRIT model is similar to that from AIRDOS-EPA model, NEIIfTRIT model may be have a meaning in the understanding of phenomena for the behavior of HTO released into the environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.464-473
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• 2005

Methodologies of NEWTRIT model, NRC model and AIRDOS-EPA model, which are off-site dose assessment models for regulatory compliance from routine releases of tritium into the environment, were investigated. Using the domestic data, if available, the predictive results of the models were compared. Among them, recently developed NEWTRIT model considers only doses from organically bounded tritium (OBT) due to environmental releases of tritiated water (HTO). A total dose from all exposure pathways predicted from AIRDOS-EPA model was 1.03 and 2.46 times higher than that from NEWTRIT model and NRC model, respectively. From above result, readers should not have an understanding that a predictive dose from NRC model may be underestimated compared with a realistic dose. It is because of that both mathematical models and corresponding parameter values for regulatory compliance are based on the conservative assumptions. For a dose by food consumption predicted from NEWTRIT model, the contribution of OBT was nearly equivalent to that of HTO due to relatively high consumption of grains in Korean. Although a total dose predicted from NEWTRIT model is similar to that from AIRDOS-EPA model, NEWTRIT model may be have a meaning in the understanding of phenomena for the behavior of HTO released into the environment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2014

This study is aimed at minimizing the errors in using a sensitivity evaluation model that could occur when sensitivity analysis method is actively used for design evaluation. To extract words of a contrantion-type model by product, interior space, and streetscape design, primary word refinement was conducted with the words extracted from preceding studies. The analysis revealed that 19 words were used in all three fields. A reliability analysis revealed that different words had a bad impact on the reliability in each field. The applicability was reviewed through reliability analysis of EPA model as contraction-type and PAD model as inference-type. The results are as follows. Although the reliability of the contrantion-type model was higher than that of inference-type model in all three fields, the differences in Cronbach's Alpha were small. Also, When the reliability was analyzed after deleting the words that had a bad impact on reliability, the differences in the reliability's coefficients were clearly significant. Therefore, it is necessary to select words suitable for sensitivity evaluation target and objectivity of the evaluation can be boosted by using a proper model. Analysis of the sensitivity evaluation model suitable for future environmental evaluation should be analyzed with various statistical methods, beyond verification of reliability.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2013

In this study, the Model of Emotion Evaluation, an emotional analysis actively applied in environmental assessment, was divided into two parts, the abbreviated model and the inferential model, through pilot study and experiment. In addition, an analysis was conducted through the experiment on the attributes of the evaluation vocabularies of two additional types of representative models, the EPA Model and PAD Model, and the results show a huge difference in the development approach and lexical constitution of the two models. It was also identified through factor analysis that the vocabularies were abbreviated according to the respective models. Similarity relationships were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and the results show that mutual relationship was established to some degree. Based on this, we can conclude that, rather than a biased use of the Model of Emotion Evaluation in emotion evaluation, a more objective image analysis is possible by analyzing the characteristics of the model before applying it. In this study, the evaluation target was confined only to the environmental assessment of streetscape and continuous research on the Model of Emotion Evaluation that allows for the comparison of evaluation models in various areas is needed.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.55-62
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• 2002

While cognition about an environment pollution becomes important recently, the intense pollution measures about an indoor air environment is required. In the case of building indoor environment, over 80% of modem people is living in building and these days an interest of building interior materials which becomes a reason for indoor environmental pollution in public house, office, is increasing. An experimental measurement method of this study is as follows. (1) American EPA TO-17, ASTMD5116-97, measurement method in VOCs experiment of Japanese closet industrial association (2) 2.4-DNPH cartridge method in HCHO experiment, based on American EPA TO-11 and measurement method of Japanese closet industrial association (3) standard compound is analyzed by using HPLC after solvent extraction process (4) paint and furniture are selected as measurement objects (5) we also made small chamber to grasp an emission characteristic of HCHO and VOCs and to get an environment-amicable forecast model through it, then we developed the model which can forecast emission rate by chamber experiment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2000

The comparison of three different kind of simulation by screen3 model, Tem-8 model and EPA formula were undertaken to get a potential concentration and hourly maximum concentration of fugitive dust produced from each construction site in the downtown area of puchon city. The amount of dust estimate U.S EPA formula and fugitive dust formula 22.6078g/sec, 27.9572g/sec respectively. Hourly maximum concenstration at the distance from each construction site by screen3 model are average of $78.89{\sim}728.40{\mu}g/m^3$ and Tem-8 model are $97{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-1, $241{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-2, $268{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-3, $232{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-4, $69{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-5, $36{\mu}g/m^3$ in site-6. Through our experiment, Screen3 model is more encouragingly used than any other model.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.278-283
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• 2021

Our understanding of the differential effects between specific omega-3 fatty acids is incomplete. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses and identify the pathways associated with these responses. Naïve CD4⁺ T cells were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence or absence of palmitate (PA), DHA, or EPA. DHA or EPA treatment lowered the number of differentiated IFN-γ-positive cells and inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, whereas only DHA increased IL-2 and reduced TNF-α secretion. There was reduced expression of MHC II on DCs after DHA or EPA treatment. In the DC-independent model, DHA and EPA reduced Th1 cell differentiation and lowered the cell number. DHA and EPA markedly inhibited IFN-γ secretion, while only EPA reduced TNF-α secretion. Microarray analysis identified pathways involved in inflammation, immunity, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Moreover, DHA and EPA inhibited Th1 cells through the regulation of diverse pathways and genes, including Igf1 and Cpt1a. Our results showed that DHA and EPA had largely comparable inhibitory effects on Th1 cell differentiation. However, each of the fatty acids also had distinct effects on specific cytokine secretion, particularly according to the presence of DCs.