• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2014

In the design of reinforced rectangular concrete beam structure, the minimum amount of flexural reinforcement is required to avoid brittle failure. KCI code is based on concept of ultimate strength and usually used as a model code. But bridge design code enacted by Ministry of land, transportation and maritime affairs in 2012 is based on concept of limit state and similar to Euro code EN 1992-2. This means that the minimum reinforcement presented in both design codes has different origination and safety margin. When rectangular concrete beams with minimum reinforcement are designed according to EN and KCI codes, the amount of minimum reinforcement specified in EN code is only 76% of that in KCI code. This makes the design engineers to be confused. In this study, flexural tests were conducted on nine beams with the two different minimum reinforcement specified in KCI and EN design codes. In results, the measured ratios of nominal strength to crack strength from the test were about 25% greater than those evaluated from the equations presented in KCI and EN codes. The EN beams having only 76% of the minimum reinforcement for the KCI beams were fractured by rupture of steel reinforcement but in ductile manner. It is confirmed that the minimum reinforcement concrete beams designed according to both codes have enough safety margin in flexural capacity and moreover in ductility.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.685-690
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• 2012

We conducted this study to investigate the quality characteristics of extruded noodles(EN) mixed with cereals. The EN were evaluated for cooking properties(weight, water absorption, volume, and turbidity), Hunter's color values, texture characteristics, and sensory characteristics. The cooked weight, water absorption, and volume of the cooked EN were significantly decreased relative to that of control noodles, whereas the turbidity increased. Hunter's color L- and b-value of EN were decreased compare with the control noodles, but a-value was increased. Hunter's color L-value of cooked EN was increased, whereas a- and b-value was increased. The texture characteristics(hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) of the cooked EN-2 and EN-3 were similar to the cooked control noodles. A sensory characteristics (appearance, flavor, texture during mastication, taste, and overall quality) of EN-1 were significantly decreased relative to that of control noodles, but EN-2 and EN-3 was not different to control noodles. As the results of this study indicate that extrusion processing could be used to make the EN mixed with cereals.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.679-684
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• 1992

New Pd(IV) complexes have been prepared through the reactions of $trans-[Pd(en)_2Cl_2](ClO_4)_2 $(en = ethylenediamine) with Guanine, Adenine, or Uracil anion as purine and pyrimidine base. We identified the ratio of central metal versus ligands by $C{\cdot}H{\cdot}N$ elemental analysis and proposed the coordinating site of the base by infrared spectrum, $^1H-NMR,\; and\; ^{13}C$-NMR spectrum. Guanine or Adenine ligand coordinated at N7 site and an en ligand exchanged for $ClO_4^-$ counter ions of the starting material . As these results, the complexes showed the formula $[Pd(en)L_2(ClO_4)_2](ClO_4)_2{\cdot}(en)$, (L = Guanine, Adenine). But in the Uracil complex no exchange of the en ligand and $ClO_4^-$ occured and Uracil anion preferred the N1 to N3 as coordinating site, the complex $[Pd(en)_2(Urac)_2](ClO_4)_2(Urac = Uracil anion).$

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2001

Determination of cadmium(II) ion with a perfluorinated sulfonated polymer-ethylenediamine(nafion-en) modified glassy carbon electrode was studied. It was based on the chemical reactivity of an immobilized layer(nafion-en) to yield complex $[Cd(en)_2]^{2+}$. The reduction peak potential by differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) was observed at $-0.780({\pm}0.005)V$ vs. As/AgCl. The linear calibration curve was obtained in cadmium(II) ion concentration range $5.0{\times}10^{-7}-2.0{\times}10^{-5}M$, and the detection limit(3s) was $2.20{\times}10^{-7}M$. The detection limit of nafion-en modified glassy carbon electrode has been shown about 14 higher sensitivity than a bare glassy carbon electrode.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.707-725
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• 2021

Energy management systems (EnMS) contribute to sustainable energy saving and greenhouse gas reduction by emphasizing the role of energy management in production-oriented economies. Although understanding the methods used to measure energy performance is a key factor in constructing successful EnMS, few attempts have been made to examine these methods, their applicability, and their utility in practice. To fill this research gap, this study aimed to deepen the understanding of energy performance measures by focusing on four energy performance indicators (EnPIs) proposed by ISO 50006, namely the measured energy value, ratio between measured values, linear regression model, and nonlinear regression model. This paper presents policy and managerial implications to facilitate the effective use of these measures. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was conducted with 41 experts to analyze the preference for EnPIs and their key selection criteria by the industry sector, and organization and user type. The findings suggest that the most preferred EnPI is the ratio between the measured values followed by the measured energy value. The ease of use was considered to be most important while choosing EnPIs.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.2655-2663
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• 2011

Several algorithms have been developed to detect AF which rely either on the form of P waves or the based on the time frequency domain analysis of RR variability. However, locating the P wave fiducial point is very difficult because of the low amplitude of the P wave and the corruption by noise. Also, the time frequency domain analysis of RR variability has disadvantage to get the details of irregular RR interval rhythm. In this study, we describe an atrial fibrillation detection algorithm through non-linear analysis of irregular RR interval rhythm based on the variability, randomness and complexity. We employ a new statistical techniques root mean squares of successive differences(RMSSD), turning points ratio(TPR) and sample entropy(SpEn). The detection algorithm was tested using the optimal threshold on two databases, namely the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database and the Arrhythmia Database. We have achieved a high sensitivity(Se:94.5%), specificity(Sp:96.2%) and Se(89.8%), Sp(89.62%) respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 2022

Purpose: This study is aimed to examine the association between initial enteral nutrition (EN) and the clinical prognosis among patients with severe and multiple traumatic injuries, and to investigate whether this association is modified by the patients' catabolic status. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 302 adult patients with severe and multiple traumatic injuries admitted between January 2017 and September 2020 at Ajou University hospital in Suwon, Korea. The initial nutritional support by EN and parenteral nutrition were monitored up to day 7 after admission. Patients were classified into "No", "Low", and "High" EN groups according to the level of initial EN. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and linear regression models were used to estimate the association of the initial EN levels at hospital admission with the risk of mortality, morbidities, and levels of nutrition-associated biochemical markers. Results: High EN support was associated with reduced mortality (odds ratio, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02, 0.32) and lower levels of C-reactive protein (β, -0.22; 95% CI, -8.66, 1.48), but longer stay in the intensive care unit (β, 0.19; 95% CI, 1.82, 11.32). In analyses stratified by catabolic status, there were fewer incidences of hospital-acquired infections with increasing EN levels in the moderate or higher nitrogen balance group than in the mild nitrogen balance group. Conclusion: Our observation of the inverse association between levels of initial EN administration with mortality risk and inflammatory markers may indicate the possible benefits of active EN administration to the recovery process of severe and multiple trauma patients. Further studies are warranted on whether the catabolic status modifies the association between the initial EN and prognosis.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze the convergence change of smart city industries in Korea. Industries of Smart city can be defined ICTs and Knowledge embedded construction industry. The input output model and structural path analysis have been done using the input output tables published by Bank of Korea in 1980 and 2014. GDP deflator was applied to the input output tables. 403 industries were reclassified into 27 industries and 8 industries categories: Agriculture and Mining(AM), Non-IT Manufacture(NITM), IT Manufacture(ITM), Energy Supply(EnS), Construction as smart city(C), IT Service(ITS), Knowledge Service(KS), Etc. Service(EtS). The results are as follows; First, the input output coefficient analysis showed that The information and communication service industry(ITS) and the energy supply industry(EnS) have increased input to the construction industry(C). On the other hands, knowledge service industry(KS) and etc. service industries(EtS) decreased. Second, the multiplier analysis revealed that construction industry(C) led by smart city had a great influence on ITS, EnS, ITM and NITM directly and indirectly. Furthermore, The IT industry had the biggest change from 1980 to 2014. Third, the smart city industry has created a new convergence of 117, and it has been leading to segmentation of the structure. Change of convergence has been proceeding mainly in the ITS and EnS, NITM, ITM industries.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2012

Objectives: The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful non-invasive tool to investigate the autonomic nerve function. Previous studies on the relationship between HRV and depression have been reported controversial results. Similarly, the correlation between the serum lipids and depression is debatable. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between heart rate variability, lipid profile and depression. Methods: A total of 42 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 32 age and sex-matched normal subjects who had no previous history of major medical and mental illnesses were recruited for this study. A structured-interview was used to assess the general characteristics and psychiatric illness. HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D). In addition, the evaluation for lipid profile was performed by blood test. Results: In serum lipid profile test, MDD group showed higher cholesterol ($197.68{\pm}42.94$ mg/dL vs. $176.85{\pm}34.68$ mg/dL, p=0.044), TG ($139.45{\pm}92.54$ mg/dL vs. $91.4{\pm}65.68$ mg/dL, p=0.018), LDL ($130.03{\pm}33.18$ vs. $106.62{\pm}27.08$, p=0.004) level than normal control group. In HRV time domain analyses, the standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN) was decreased in MDD group than normal control group, but was not significant ($32.82{\pm}14.33$ ms vs. $40.36{\pm}21.40$ms, p=0.078). ApEn (Approximate Entrophy) was significantly increased in MDD group than normal control group ($1.13{\pm}0.11$ vs. $0.91{\pm}0.18$, p<0.001). ApEn was correlated with LDL level (r=0.277, p=0.028), HAM-D scores (r=0.534, p<0.001) and HAM-A scores (r=0.470, p<0.001). Conclusions: MDD patients showed increased ApEn, one of the HRV measurement. And this ApEn was correlated with LDL, HAM-D and HAM-A scores. In this study, the analysis of ApEn would be a useful test of MDD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.189-211
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• 2003

The clinical data and thermographic imaging were analyzed on the 38 cases of Bell's palsy who were treated admission in the Oriental Medicine Hospital of Wonkwang University from January 2002 to May 2003. 38 patients with Bell's palsy were within one week after the onset of the paralysis, and thermal type in the DITI were hypo or hyper generally. Nerve conduction test(ENOG and EMG) examined in two weeks after onset. We studied interaction effect between thermal type and paralysis grade on admission day. We studied each main effect ; paralysis grade on admission day - nerve conduction test, nerve conduction test - thermal type, thermal type - paralysis grade after 4 weeks, paralysis grade on admission day - paralysis grade after 4 weeks, sasang constitution - nerve conduction test. The following results were obtained that interaction effect between thermal type and paralysis grade on admission day showed no significance, each main effect ; paralysis grade on admission day - nerve conduction test, paralysis grade on admission day - paralysis grade after 4 weeks, showed significance, each main effect ; nerve conduction test - thermal type, thermal type - paralysis grade after 4 weeks, sasang constitution - nerve conduction test, showed no significance.