• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4065-4072
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of topical EMLA Cream on venipuncture related pain and anxiety of surgery patient from oct. 27 to nov, 13, 2011, EMLA Cream was applied to the experimental group(n=40) 1hour before the procedure, but was not applied to the control group (n=37). The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS WIN 15.0 program. The percentage, mean and standard deviation were figured statistic, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation analysis were performed. Consequently, Pain in the EMLA applied experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. also state anxiety in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. correlation of pain and anxiety after EMLA was related. EMLA cream was considered to be an effective local anesthetic for preoperative venipuncture on pain and anxiety.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics, lidocaine and prilocaine) on pain during ampicillin sodium intradermal (ID) skin test, and also to assess skin reaction after the skin test. Methods: Forty-three nurse-volunteers had skin tests with 0.01ml-0.05ml ampicillin sodium antibiotics. Skin tests were done on each forearm to compare the pain level of the skin test site after application of EMLA cream with the pain level when no EMLA cream was applied. EMLA cream was applied at the ID skin test site with an occlusive dressing for one hour. Pain was evaluated using a visual analogue scale and pain sensation using the short form McGill Pain Questionnaire. The transverse diameter of the wheal and redness was read right after and at 15 minutes after the skin test. The results were compared using independent t-tests. Results: Pain score and sensation with EMLA cream treatment were significantly lower than when EMLA cream was not applied. There was no difference in skin reactions; reading of the skin test was not affected by EMLA cream. Conclusions: EMLA cream was found to be an effective local anesthetic to relieve the pain of clients having ampicillin sodium antibiotics ID skin tests.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.705-714
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• 2014

This study aimed at identifying the effect of vapocoolant spray and EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream upon DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)vaccineassociated injection pain in infants. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were 49 infants, 19 of them for control group, 15 of them for vapocoolant group, and 15 infants for EMLA group. Pulse and oxygen saturation as pain indicators were measured before and after DPT vaccination. FLACC was also measured after vaccination. The data were collected between October 2009 and June 2010 and analyzed using SPSS WIN 20.0. EMLA group had significant a little changes in pulse (F=43.37, p <.001) and oxygen saturation (F=9.86, p=.003) compared to the control and vapocoolant group. But there was no difference in FLACC pain score among three groups. This results showed that EMLA cream is an effective agent for reducing DPT vaccination-associated pain. Therefore, EMLA cream can be used to reduce pain at public health centers and clinical settings.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2006

Purposes: Venipuncture is one of the most painful and frequently performed invasive procedure for children by nurses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EMLA cream(eutectic mixture of local anesthetics: 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) to decrease venipuncture related pain and anxiety in children. Methods: A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Sixty children scheduled venipuncture were recruited, and randomly allocated to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before venipuncture. Venipuncture was carried out by one nurse investigator. Pain and anxiety was measured by parent, nurse investigator, and nurse observer. Results: Pain in the EMLA group was significantly lower than that of placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in anxiety score between the EMLA and placebo groups. Local side effect of EMLA cream were negligible. Conclusions: EMLA cream was found to be an effective local anesthetic for pediatric venipuncture pain. Further studies should continue to evaluate the facilitators and barriers of EMLA cream application in pediatric nursing practice.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.388-393
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• 2006

Purpose : We compared the pain reducing effect of orally administered glucose solution with EMLA cream and pacifiers during venipuncture in newborn infants. Methods : Fifty newborn infants(30 prematures) were enrolled in this study. We performed these four pain-reducing methods to all infants in serial order. Group A(control) did not receive any treatment; to group B, EMLA cream was applied on the skin for 1 hour; group C(or D) received 10 percent(or 30 percent) glucose solution orally; group E used pacifiers. Symptoms and signs associated with pain at venipuncture were measured with the Premature Infants Pain Profile(PIPP) scale. Results : There was no significant difference in the PIPP scores between preterm and fullterm infants. The mean PIPP scores of groups were A : $12.5{\pm}2.5$, B : $10.1{\pm}2.6$, C : $9.4{\pm}2.0$, D : $6.5{\pm}2.1$ and E : $8.7{\pm}2.3$; the mean scores of groups B, C, D and E were significantly lower than that of group A(all, P<0.001 except B(P<0.05)), and the mean score of D was significantly lower than those of B, C and E(P<0.001, P<0.005, P<0.05, respectively). The percentages of patients with PIPP scores above 6, which means pain, were A : 100 percent, B : 82 percent, C : 56 percent, D : 40 percent and E : 70 percent. The percentages of patients with PIPP scores above 12, which means severe pain, were A : 72 percent, B : 30 percent, C : 22 percent, D : 0 percent and E : 14 percent; that of group D was clearly lowest. Conclusion : These results support the use of oral glucose solution, EMLA, and pacifiers for pain reduction as effective intervention at venipuncture in newborn infants. The most effective method was a 30 percent oral glucose solution.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer. Methods: From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter monitor were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers' perception of the children's pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test. Results: Children's self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2011

Purpose: Newborns routinely experience pain associated with invasive procedures such as blood sampling, venipuncture, heelstick, or venous cannulation. This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of local anesthetic cream during venipuncture. Methods: Participants were 70 newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed Consent was obtained from parents of the newborns. Venipuncture for regular blood sampling was carried out for a test on 2 groups; the experimental, placebo group. The neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), and duration of crying were measured to assess pain reaction. All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. Results: There were significant differences in pain behavior during venipuncture (t=-4.752, p<.001), immediately after sampling (t=-5.591, p<.001), 3 minutes after puncture (t=-2.469, p=.017), and in duration of crying (t=-3.005, p=.004). Conclusion: Results show that local administration of EMLA cream before venipuncture causes a reduction in neonatal pain response, indicating that the EMLA cream has the effect of pain relief.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1995

This study was conducted to compare the severity of cannulation pain in hemodialysis patients after topical application of EMLA cream and local injection of lidocaine and evaluated side effects and problems accompanied by the former. Twenty patients, who were on hemodialysis from September 1 to October 15, 1994 at the Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, were divided into two groups of ten. To conduct a cross over study, two groups were placed on four repeated methods with lidocaine followed by four repeated methods with EMLA cream and vice versa, respectively, while the severity of cannulation pain was being measured according to a Visual Analogue Scale with each methods. The results are follows : 1) The scale of pain was recorded as $4.56{\pm}1.38$ and $2.05{\pm}1.36$ points for methods with lidocaine and EMLA cream, respectively, indicating the less severe pain with EMLA cream. 2) Local side effects such as itching(4 cases, 5.0%)and pallor (5 cases, 6.3%)were observed with methods with EMLA cream but disappeared before the completion of hemodialysis. 3) Problems associated with local lidocaine were pain at the injection of anesthetic (27cases, 16.9%)and fear for needle insertion(6 cases, 3.8%). The most frequent problems with EMLA cream application were an inconvenience in use (11 cases, 6.9%)and tedious long pretreatment time(11 cases, 6.9%), those associated with inconvenience in cream applying procedures. 4) Twelve out of twenty patients(60.0%) responded with yes to a continued use of EMLA cream in spite of problems with cream application and economical difficulties in purchasing. These results indicate that 5% EMLA cream used as a local anesthetic in hemodialysis significantly reduces cannulation pain and lacks side effects, thus serving as a suitable method for the alleviation of cannulation pain and inconvenience in hemodialysis and the relief of psychological stress of nurses.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream on pain related to venipuncture among children. Methods: In this study, 48 children were evaluated using a sequential measurement for level of pain by Skin Conductance Level (SCL) based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), heart rate, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at four times. Results: The maximum and mean of the SCL were each significantly different between the experimental and control groups and furthermore, the two were also significantly different among observed times. In addition there was a significant interaction between group and time. The children's perceived pain using VAS was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference in the heart rate between the experimental and control groups; however, the interaction between group and time was significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, applying topical anesthetic cream to the venipuncture site to reduce pain was effective among the children and therefore it is highly recommended that topical anesthetic cream be applied at the venipuncture site as a nursing intervention to reduce pain when a child has to undergo a venipuncture.