• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.496-501
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• 1998

Incidence of rice blast on new rice cultivars and elite lines was observed from 1995 to 1997 in Icheon, Chuncheon, Jecheon and Naju areas. The observation was made in the nurseries and fields. In the nurseries, three cultivars Grubyeo, Sangjuchalbyeo and Suwon 414 showed moderate levels of resistance to leaf blast, with the disease index 0 to 5. From the field observation, it was found that cultivars Heugjinjubyeo and Unbong 18 were highly resistant to leaf blast, but susceptible to neck blast. In general, there was a great variation yearly and regionally in the incidence of neck blast within the same cultivar, ranging from 0 to 100%. However, the range of neck blast infection was relatively narrower in the cultivars Yunghaebyeo (0∼2.4%) and Suwon 414 (0∼2.2%) during observation period. Races of rice blast fungus were variable at different areas. Among them dominant races were KI-409, KJ-201 and KJ-301.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-144
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• 2016

Alternate members of the Chinese Communist Central Committee are often overlooked regarding elite formation or even when assessing Chinese elites in general. This article focuses on the case of alternate members of the Central Committee from 1992 to 2007 in order to understand why some individuals will eventually be promoted and why some will never be. Through extensive quantitative testing, I argue that these non-promoted individuals differ from their counterparts in many ways, most of which can possibly be traced back to the type of formation they received early on. As such, the article concludes that Party School attendance and the age factor, through threshold analysis, are a significant factor helping us understand the difference between promoted and non-promoted houbu.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1994

Incidences of blast caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc. on 24 leading cultivars and elite lines of rice were investigated in the fields at Icheon, chuncheon, Jecheon, Naju from 1990 to 1992. In the blast nursery, disease index of leaf blast on Jinmibyeo and Ilpumbyeo were very low as 1 to 3 at Naju, but as high as 6 to 9 at Icheon and other Chuncheon in 1990, but the disease did not occur in other locations and years. The most variable incidence of temporal and spatial leaf blast was observed on Nagdongbyeo, which was 30.6% at Icheon and 2.1% at Chuncheon on 1990, but the disease did not occur at Naju during the investigation. Percentages of diseased panicles on Chucheongbyeo were 11.6% in 1990 and 4.3% in 1992 at Icheon. Odaebyeo and Sobaekbyeo revealed more severe blast occurrences at Chuncheon and Sangju where the elevation was higher than the other places. Regional race distributions of rice blast fungus were more variable at Icheon and Chuncheon than the others.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.671-677
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• 2017

In this paper, two powerful analytical methods called Variational Approach (VA) and Hamiltonian Approach (HA) are used to solve high nonlinear non-Natural vibration problems. The presented approaches are works well for the whole range of amplitude of the oscillator. The first iteration of the approaches leads us to high accurate solution. Numerical results are also presented by using Runge-Kutta's [RK] algorithm. The full comparison between the presented approaches and the numerical ones are shown in figures. The effects of important parameters on the response of nonlinear behavior of the systems are studied completely. Finally, the results show that the Variational Approach and Hamiltonian approach are strong enough to prepare easy analytical solutions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.70 no.5
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• pp.513-524
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• 2019

This study proposed an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) method ensemble with kriging model for model updating. By introducing genetic algorithm (GA) and grouping strategy together with elite selection into standard particle optimization (PSO), the IPSO is obtained. Kriging metamodel serves for predicting the structural responses to avoid complex computation via finite element model. The combination of IPSO and kriging model shall provide more accurate searching results and obtain global optimal solution for model updating compared with the PSO, Simulate Annealing PSO (SimuAPSO), BreedPSO and PSOGA. A plane truss structure and ASCE Benchmark frame structure are adopted to verify the proposed approach. The results indicated that the hybrid of kriging model and IPSO could serve for model updating effectively and efficiently. The updating results further illustrated that IPSO can provide superior convergent solutions compared with PSO, SimuAPSO, BreedPSO and PSOGA.

• Advances in robotics research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2018

Various studies have been performed to coordinate robots in transporting objects and different artificial intelligence algorithms have been considered in this field. In this paper, we investigate and solve Multi-Robot Transportation problem by using a combined auction algorithm. In this algorithm each robot, as an agent, can perform the auction and allocate tasks. This agent tries to clear the auction by studying different states to increase payoff function. The algorithm presented in this paper has been applied to a multi-robot system where robots are responsible for transporting objects. Using this algorithm, robots are able to improve their actions and decisions. To show the excellence of the proposed algorithm, its performance is compared with three heuristic algorithms by statistical simulation approach.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2020

Afghanistan has experienced more than four decades of severe disruption, ever since the communist coup of April 1978 plunged the country into a state of disorder that was then severely aggravated by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. Despite the high hopes that accompanied the overthrow of the Taliban regime in 2001, Afghanistan's path in the first two decades of the 21st century has proved to be anything but smooth, and this article highlights a confluence of challenges - political, diplomatic, and societal - that Afghanistan presently faces, challenges that in large measure account for the profound uncertainty that clouds its future. The article is divided into four sections. The first provides some context for the discussion of these three challenges. The remaining sections investigate the particular challenges - intra-elite rivalries, a fragile and defective peace process, and the underreported but grave threat to life and limb in Afghanistan resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic - in more detail. Together, these challenges highlight the dangers of wishful thinking about harsh realities.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2009

Archer's capability of attention and relaxation control during shooting process was evaluated using EEG technology. Attention and meditation algorithms were used to represent the levels of mental concentration and relaxation levels. Elite, mid-level, and novice archers were tested for short and long distance shootings in the archery field. Single channel EEG was recorded on the forehead (Fp1) during the shooting process, and attention and meditation levels were computed by real time. Four types of variations were defined based on the increasing and decreasing patterns of attention and meditation levels during shooting process. Elite archers showed increases in both attention and relaxation while mid-level archers showed increased attention but decreased relaxation. Elite archers also showed higher levels of attention at the release than mid-level and novice archers. Levels of attention and relaxation and their variation patterns were useful to categorize archers and to provide feedback in training.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.33
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• pp.137-161
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• 2012

There are some common and broad trends in National crisis management system around the world. This article considers that paradigm theoretically. 1) a shift from civil defense to civil protection, 2) 10 principles in sustainable National crisis management system, 3) the collaborative governance of crisis management. Some civil defense problems in National crisis management system are as follows; 1) obscurity of organizational identity through twofold function in civil defense, 2) ineffective organization in civil defense and disaster management system, 3) weakness of competencies in local government, 4) overlook of actual condition in communities and civil defense resources. This article suggests that to provide retired and active private security practitioners, retired law enforcement personnel, and retired military personnel to form a elite civil defense force and to find creative ways to address this pervasive threat which one reasonable and affordable solution would be for the government to take advantage of an existing resource.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.151-162
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of sports injury among Korean junior elite golf players. The survey was made through the questionnaire which consist of eight categories and 280 valid answers were used to perform frequency analysis. The results indicated that 197 out of 280 participants experienced golf injuries (30%: during a game, 70%: during a practice) and 70% of them also experienced injuries within a year. The frequency analysis for the site of injury has shown that back was the most vulnerable area for all players(33%), followed by the right wrist, left shoulder and elbow for male players. Among female players, left wrist was the second weak site of injury, followed by the right wrist, right thoracic spine, and left shoulder. A few of them also have shown abnormal symptoms of ruptured lumbar disk, scoliosis, and lordosis and these injuries might be caused by the lack of flexibility and the fatigue due to over-practice. High frequency of wrist injury also demonstrated that excessive chopping or punching shot and poor environmental course conditions may cause this injury to be common. Overall, lack of warm up time, lack of strength and flexibility, and excessive amount of practice were the major reasons of injury for the junior elite golfers in Korea. The study also proved that these young Korean golfers actually had more chances to be faced with the injury than average. Thus, it is necessary to develop systematic and scientific methods of training, and prevention, treatment of these injuries with medical professionals.