• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1992

The optimum management of nutrient solution needs the effective combination of fertilizers as well as the accurate control of nutrient solution. This study was attempt to make a supporting system for effective fertilizer combination by using computer and also to develop a EC predicting equation for keeping the EC of solution within the allowable range after application of combined fertilizers. The supporting system consists of three parts : (1) data bases, (2) rules for deciding the kinds and amounts of fertilizers and (3) main control. With input data, the main control automatically constructs the network connecting the related data bases and subsequently executes the operation of searching proper fertilizers through it. For more effective searching, fertilizers are classified into two levels(level 1 and level 2) in consideration of solubility, price, and frequency in use, and searched in that order. The EC prediction equation, a extended form of the Robinson and Stroke's theoretical equation only available for a binary electrolyte, is suggested for predicting the EC of the nutrient solution containing many kinds of inorganic compounds. The comparison of predicted and measured ECs showed good agreements with the high correlation between the predicted EC decrement by ion interaction and the actual one(limiting EC minus measured EC).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2012

This study was conducted to study the associations between parents' effortful control (EC), their parenting behavior and infants' EC. Subjects of the present study were 55 infants and their parents. Parents who participated in this study replied to questionnaires, including ECBQ-SF, ATQ-SF and Parenting style scale. There was positive correlations between the parents' EC, affectionate parenting style and infants' EC by zero-order correlation. We also performed Mann-Whitney test on the acquired data and it showed significant differences in the infants' EC by their parents' EC and parenting behavior. More specifically, infants with more affectionate and permissive parents showed higher levels of EC. Finally, we performed a partial correlation analysis and its results revealed that the correlation coefficient between the parents' EC and the infants' EC decreased when the parenting style was controlled. These results are vital to have a better understanding on the developmental pathways to the EC.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2006

It is hardly achieved Electronic Commerce (EC) activation if there isn't any performance in spite of the estimation that EC would improve whole economic efficiency. Therefore, there should be a need for the research whether implementation and utilization of EC really improve companies' business performance. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the level of EC utilization in Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyze its effect on business performance in terms of BSC. The results indicate that EC utilization in various fields of business and the use of information created through EC are significantly related to higher business performance, but EC volume is not. This study examines facing problems of SMEs in utilizing EC as well.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.567-580
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• 2010

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were determined for $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1.0}$ aerosols particles collected at Gosan Superstation on Jeju Island from August 2007 to September 2008. Aerosols were collected on quartz filters for 24 hours and then OC and EC were analyzed by TOR/IMPROVED method. Mean concentrations of OC and EC were $4.66\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.69\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$, $3.95\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.69\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{2.5}$, and $3.16\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.42\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{1.0}$, respectively. The concentrations of OC and EC comprised 16.4% and 6.0% of $PM_{10}$, 22.9% and 9.8% of $PM_{2.5}$, and 23.0% and 10.0% of $PM_{1.0}$. OC and EC showed a clear seasonal variation with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The correlations between the two were also the best during the winter ($R^2$=0.87, 0.94, and 0.95 for $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1.0}$). The ratio of OC/EC exhibited the maximum (7.24) during an Asian dust event due to an increase of OC, which was possibly derived from soil. The mass fraction of both OC and EC was the highest in fall. When OC and EC concentrations were highly elevated, EC1 (the first EC fraction determined at $550^{\circ}C$) and pyrolyzed OC (POC) were dominant subcomponents in winter and OC3 (the third OC fraction determined at $450^{\circ}C$) and POC in spring.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 2015

Controlling balance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and T-helper type 2 (Th2) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the biological rhythm of Th1/Th2 and circumventing diseases caused by Th1/Th2 imbalance. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a Th2-type cytokine and often associated with hypersensitivity-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis and allergies when overexpressed. In this study, we have tried to elucidate the function of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (EC-18) as an essential modulator of Th1/Th2 balance. EC-18 has showed an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-4 in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis has proved EC-18 affect the transcription of IL-4. By analyzing the phosphorylation status of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which is a transcriptional activator of IL-4 expression, we discovered that EC-18 induced the decrease of STAT6 activity in several stimulated cell lines, which was also showed in STAT6 reporter analysis. Co-treatment of EC-18 significantly weakened atopy-like phenotypes in mice treated with an allergen. Collectively, our results suggest that EC-18 is a potent Th2 modulating factor by regulating the transcription of IL-4 via STAT6 modulation, and could be developed for immune-modulatory therapeutics.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.719-726
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• 1996

DLTS measurements were performed to study the annealing induced changes of the trap centers in MOV and to shed more light on the stability mechanism of the MOV. Two electron traps, Ec-0.26[eV] and Ec-(O.2-0.3)[eV], were observed in the unannealed samples in large quantities(7-9 X 1014[CM 3]), whereas the three electron traps Ec-0.17 [eV], Ec-0.26[eV] and Ec-(O.2-0.3)[eV] were observed far less in the annealed samples. The minima in the Ec-0.26[eV] trap density, coupled with the presented results that unannealed devices are unstable whereas 600.deg. C annealed devices are most stable, suggests that the instability of the MOV under long term electrical stressing is related to the Ec-0.26[eV] trap. This results support that the ion migration model for the device instability where the Ec-0.26[eV] defects may be the interstitial zinc or the migrating ions. The interstitial zinc originated as a result of the nonstoichiometric nature of ZnO might cause the degradation of the I-V characteristics of the MOV with long term electrical stressing.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2009

Emergent requests or urgent information among enterprises require their intimate collaboration in B2B EC (electronic commerce). This paper analyzes the needs of intimate cooperation of distributed EC systems in terms of business contracts and presents an active rule-based methodology of close cooperation among EC systems and an active rule component to support it. Since the rule component provides high level rule patterns and event-based immediate processing, system administrators and programmers can easily program and maintain intimate cooperation of distributed EC systems independently to the application logic. The proposed active rule component facilitates HTTP protocol. Its prototype is implemented in B2B EC environment and evaluated using basic trigger facility of a commercial DBMS.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

The paper describes the up going and frustration of electronic commerce development in China during the past ten years. All the changes are classified as EC application trends and the trends on EC supporting environment construction. Later, some problems affecting EC development are raised, and one of them: social credit system construction is discussed in detail. The trends of EC development discussed in the paper are based on the practices in China, but it is generally analogous in the rest of the world.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 1985

To probe the subclinical mastitis in a herd of cows in Chonnam district, the electrical conductivity(EC) of 825 foremilk samples were measured for 2 years. Normal (n=487) and mastitic(n=110) foremilk samples were classified by the California mastitis test (CMT) and direct somatic cell count(DSCC) and investigated the relations between the changes of the EC value and the calving history, age, days of postpartum, estrus and causative organism isolated. Obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. In the normal foremilk samples, positive correlation, though not significant, was found between the EC value and calving history (r=0.573) and age (r=0.247). 2. In the normal foremilk samples, the EC values were lowered at 30～120 days of postpartum through the whole lactation period and revealed a tendencies to higher values following the day of postpartum increased untill to the drying off (r=0.823), and the days of postpartum was recognized as one of a influencing factor on the EC value(p<0.05). 3. In the mastitic foremilk samples, significant correlation between EC value and resazurin reduction test (RRT) were observed (r=0.904, p<0.05). 4. In the mastitic foremilk samples, EC values were obtained in the E. coli infection as 63.9mM-NaCl, in the Streptococcus spp. infection as 60.5mM-NaCl and in the Staphylococcus spp. infection as 57.0mM-NaCl. 5. At day 0 of estrus, the mean EC values of normal and mastitic foremilk samples were 41.2mM-NaCl and 68.3mM-NaCl respectively and the EC value of day 0 of estrus was higher than that of days before and after estrus.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.246-255
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• 2024

Knowledge of the superficial radial nerve (SRN) relationship and anatomic variations of the first extensor compartment (1st EC) will contribute to a better outcome of de Quervain tenosynovitis treatment. We dissected 87 embalmed cadaveric wrists to determine the relationship of the SRN, the 1st EC length, distance from the proximal and distal 1st EC borders to radial styloid process (RSP), abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendon slip numbers, and the presence of septum. Our results revealed SRN crossing over the 1st EC in 59.5%. The lateral branch of the superficial radial nerve to the 1st EC midline in most cases (61.9%) except for one specimen, where lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve was the closest. Distances from proximal and distal 1st EC borders to the RSP were 19.7±4.1 mm and 7.6±1.8 mm, respectively. Extensor retinaculum (ER) width over 1st EC (1st EC length) was 14.8±3.2 mm. Complete and incomplete septa were found in 17.2%, and 42.5%, respectively. The most frequent APL tendon slip number in the compartment was two in overall 47 specimens (54.0%). Almost all compartments (85 specimens; 97.7%) contained one EPB tendon slip. We detected bilateral EPB absence in one cadaver. Moreover, we recorded a tendon slip from extensor pollicis longus traveling into 1st EC bilaterally in one cadaver and observed the EPB muscle belly extension into 1st EC in 9 wrists. Awareness of 1st EC anatomic variations would be essential for successful surgical and nonsurgical outcomes.