• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.455-462
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• 2013

The effects of earthquakes can be devastating especially to existing structures that are not based on earthquake resistant design. This study proposes a steel grid shear wall that can provide a sufficient lateral resistance and can be used as a seismic retrofit method. The pushover analysis was performed on RC structure with and without the proposed steel grid shear wall. Obtain the performance point that the target structure for seismic loads applied to evaluate the response and performance levels. The capacity spectrum at performance point is nearly elastic range, so satisfied the performance objectives(LS level). And response modification factor(R factor) were calculated from the pushover analysis. The R factor approach is currently implemented to reflect inelastic ductile behavior of the structures and to reduce elastic spectral demands from earthquakes to the design level. The R factor increases from 2.17 to 3.25 was higher than the design criteria. As a result, according to reinforcement by steel grid shear wall, strength, stiffness, and ductility of the low-rise RC structure has been appropriately improved.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.809-820
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• 2008

A new modified full scale double tee slabs with the length of nib plate - 1,500 mm were suggested, designed, and experimentally evaluated up to the loading of flexural failure. This slabs were composed of the tee section which was same to original PCI double tee and the plate section which was modified in a new shape, and the prestressing force was applied at the bottom of tee section only. This specimens were made from the domestic precast factory. The safety and serviceability of the modified nib plate with the dapped ends were evaluated up to the ultimate flexural strength of tee section. As the experimental loading increased, the flexural crackings developed first in the bottom of the slab and they changed to the increased flexural shear and inclined shear crackings in the nib and dapped portion of the double tees. The suggested modified double tee slabs failed in ductile above the design loading with many evenly distributed flexural crackings. The thickness of nib plate - 250 mm does not show any cracking under the service loading and show several minor flexural cracking up to the ultimate state of tee portion. The proposed specimens were satisfied with the strength and ductility requirements in the design code provisions in the tests. Additional experimental tests are required to reduce the depth and tensile reinforcement of nib plate concrete for the practical use of this system effectively.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2011

The structural behavior of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams is mainly controlled by the mechanical relationships associated with the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, load and support conditions, and material properties. In this study, a simple indeterminate strut-tie model which reflects characteristics of the complicated structural behavior of the continuous deep beams is presented. In addition, the reaction and load distribution ratios defined as the fraction of load carried by an exterior support of continuous deep beam and the fraction of load transferred by a vertical truss mechanism, respectively, are proposed to help structural designers for the analysis and design of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams by using the strut-tie model approaches of current design codes. In the determination of the load distribution ratio, a concept of balanced shear reinforcement ratio requiring a simultaneous failure of inclined concrete strut and vertical steel tie is introduced to ensure a ductile shear failure of reinforced concrete deep beams, and the primary design variables including the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, and concrete compressive strength are implemented after thorough parametric numerical analyses. In the companion paper, the validity of the presented model and load distribution ratio was examined by applying them in the evaluation of the ultimate strength of multiple continuous reinforced concrete deep beams, which were tested to failure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.519-530
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• 2013

Cyclic tests on modular building units for low-rise buildings composed of stud panels and a light-weight steel perimeter frame, were performed to evaluate the earthquake resistance such as stiffness, load-carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation per load cycle. The strap-braced and sheeted stud panels were used as the primary lateral load-resistant element of the modular building units. Test results showed that the modular building units using the strap-braced and sheeted stud panels exhibited excellent post-yield ductile behaviors. The maximum drift ratios were greater than 5.37% and the displacement ductility ratios were greater than 5.76. However, the energy dissipation per load cycle was poor due to severe pinching during cyclic loading. Nominal strength, stiffness, and yield displacement of the modular building units were predicted based on plastic mechanisms. The predictions reasonably and conservatively correlated with the test results. However, the elastic stiffness of the strap-braced stud panel was significantly overestimated. For conservative design, the elastic stiffness of the strap-braced stud panel needs be decreased to 50% of the nominal value.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2008

This study summarizes the results of a research project aimed at investigating the inelastic rotation capacity of beam-column joints of reinforced concrete special moment frames. All of the test specimens were classified as special moment frame (SMF), based on the design and detailing requirements of the ACI 318-02 provisions. The acceptance criteria, originally defined for steel moment frame connections in the 1997 edition of the AISC Seismic provisions, were used to evaluate the beam-column joints of the reinforced concrete moment frames. A total of 39 test specimens were examined in detail. Most of the joints that satisfy the design requirements for special moment frame structures were found to be ductile up to a plastic rotation of 3% without any major degradation in strength. This is mainly due to the stringent ACI 318-02 requirements for special moment frame joints. The presence of transverse beams increases confinement and shear resistance of joints, which results in better performance than for joints without transverse beams. All of the SMF connections that satisfy the ACI 318-02 limitations on joint shear stress turned out to meet the acceptance criteria.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.55-66
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• 1993

Upon freezing a soil swells due to phase change and its compression stress increase a lot. As the soil undergo thawing, however, it becomes a soft soil layer because the 'soil changes from a solid state to a plastic state. These changes are largely dependent on freezing temperature and repeated freezing-thawing cycle as well as the density of the soil and applied loading condition. This study was initiated to describe the effect of the freezing temperature and repeated freezing-thawing cycle on the unconfined compressive strength. Soil samples were collected at about 20 sites where soil structures were installed in Kangwon provincial area and necessary laboratory tests were conducted. The results could be used to help manage effectively the field structures and can be used as a basic data for designing and constructing new projects in the future. The results were as follows ; 1. Unconfined compressive strength decreased as the number of freezing and thawing cycle went up. But the strength increased as compression speed, water content and temperature decreased. The largest effect on the strength was observed at the first freezing and thawing cycle. 2. Compression strain went up with the increase of deformation speed, and was largely influenced by the number of the freezing-thawing cycle. 3. Secant modulus was responded sensitivefy to the material of the loading plates, increased with decrease of temperature down to - -10$^{\circ}$C, but was nearly constant below the temperature. Thixotropic ratio characteristic became large as compression strain got smaller and was significantly larger in the controlled soil than in the soil treated with freezing and thawing processes 4. Vertical compression strength of ice crystal(development direction) was 3 to 4 times larger than that of perpendicular to the crystal. The vertical compression strength was agreed well with Clausius-Clapeyrons equation when temperature were between 0 to 5C$^{\circ}$, but the strength below - 5$^{\circ}$C were different from the equation and showed a strong dependency on temperature and deformation speed. When the skew was less then 20 degrees, the vertical compression strength was gradually decreased but when the skew was higher than that, the strength became nearly constant. Almost all samples showed ductile failure. As considered above, strength reduction of the soil due to cyclic freezing-thawing prosses must be considered when trenching and cutting the soil to construct soil structures if the soil is likely subject to the processes. Especially, if a soil no freezing-thawing history, cares for the strength reduction must be given before any design or construction works begin. It is suggested that special design and construction techniques for the strength reduction be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.78-84
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• 2016

In this work, finite element investigations were carried out to optimize reverse drawing process design for manufacture of high-capacity aluminum liner used in fuel cell vehicle. The tensile tests with aluminum alloy Al6061 annealed at $350^{\circ}C$ were carried out to obtain the flow stresses. In order to estimate more accurate flow stresses after necking, the flow stresses were estimated from the comparison of load vs. displacement curves which were obtained from experimental and simulation results of tensile tests. In case of finite element analyses of reverse drawing processes, it was focused on the effects of process designs such as punch and die designs, blank holding force, drawing ratio and the clearance between the punch and blank holder on the generation of wrinkle and fracture of the blank and partially heated punch. However, it was revealed that experimental results still show the fracture at the end of 2nd drawn cup, although partially heated punch is used. Nevertheless, the drawn cup can be used because the sufficient length of the drawn cup for the next flow forming process and spinning process was obtained.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.687-694
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• 2014

This study established a displacement ductility ratio model for ductile design for the boundary element of shear walls. To determine the curvature distribution along the member length and displacement at the free end of the member, the distributions of strains and internal forces along the shear wall section depth were idealized based on the Bernoulli's principle, strain compatibility condition, and equilibrium condition of forces. The confinement effect at the boundary element, provided by transverse reinforcement, was calculated using the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete proposed by Razvi and Saatcioglu. The curvatures corresponding to the initial yielding moment and 80% of the ultimate state after the peak strength were then conversed into displacement values based on the concept of equivalent hinge length. The derived displacement ductility ratio model was simplified by the regression approach using the comprehensive analytical data obtained from the parametric study. The proposed model is in good agreement with test results, indicating that the mean and standard deviation of the ratios between predictions and experiments are 1.05 and 0.19, respectively. Overall, the proposed model is expected to be available for determining the transverse reinforcement ratio at the boundary element for a targeted displacement ductility ratio.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.47-53
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• 2022

As the limit state design method is applied as a method of designing concrete structures, the ultimate state is considered in the analysis or design. In fact, when the reinforced concrete member bears tensile force, the force is transmitted from the rebar to the concrete, and the structure bears the tensile force to the ultimate state even after yield. Therefore, the accurate evaluation of behavior after yield, it is necessary to study the tension stiffening effect after yield of the flexural member. In this study, a 4-point bending test was conducted on the RC simple beam having a rectangular cross section of the double reinforcement, and the behavior of the member was analyzed in detail using the image analysis method. Using the analysis results, the estimation formula for the tension stiffening effect after yield was proposed, and the applicability of this was verified through the experimental results of existing study. The difference between the ultimate strain and the yield strain representing the ductile behavior of the member is similar to the experimental results. The prediction of the proposed formula is relatively accurate.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2008

An engineered cementitious composite produced with slag particles (Slag-ECC) had been developed based on micromechanical principle. Base grain ingredients were properly selected, and then the mixture proportion was optimized to be capable of achieving robust tensile ductility in the hardened state. The rheological design is performed in the present study by optimizing the amount of admixtures suitable for self-consolidating casting and shotcreting process in the fresh state. A special focus is placed on the rheological control which is directly applicable to the construction in field, using prepackaged product with all pulverized ingredients. To control the rheological properties of the composite, which possesses different fluid properties to facilitate two types of processing (i.e., self-consolidating and shotcreting processing), the viscosity change of the cement paste suspensions over time was initially investigated, and then the proper dosage of the admixtures in the cement paste was selected. The two types of mixture proportion were then optimized by self-consolidating & shotcreting tests. A series of self-consolidating and shotcreting tests demonstrated excellent self-consolidation property and sprayability of the Slag-ECC. The rheological properties altered through this approach were revealed to be effective in obtaining Slag-ECC hardened properties, represented by pseudo strain-hardening behavior in uniaxial tension, allowing the readily achievement of the desired function of the fresh Slag-ECC. These ductile composites with self-consolidating and shotcreting processing can be broadly utilized for a variety of applications, e.g., in strengthening seismic resistant structures with congested reinforcements, or in repairing deteriorated infrastructures by shotcreting process.