• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the mulching of hairy vetch and pig manure on the growth, yield and crude protein contents of the mulching of hairy vetch and application of animal slurry were treated and investigated in $2000{\sim}2002$. At the first year of cultivation, there were no differences among the treatments in plant height, but second year the growth of plants increased and continued over long times as the hairy vetch mulched and fertilized. The length and diameter of plant root were increased in the plot of hairy vetch mulching and the application of animal slurry. At first year of cultivation, no clear difference was found for among the treatments on dry weight and dry matter ratio in roots. At second year of cultivation, they were increased at in the plot of mulching and fertilizer treatment. The appearances of weeds in the field on Astragalus membranaces were much lower on the plots of live-mulching of hairy vetch than those on the control. The yield of root was 255kg highest in the plot of mulching and animal slurry application of 2-year-old roots. The root yield of Astragalus membranaces was increased about $8{\sim}10%$ compared to that with control, due to supply of nutrients. During the cultivation times, organic matters and N contents in soil increased by the mulching of hairy vetch and the application of animal slurry. The concentration of K, Ca concentration in soil showed a tendency to increase.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1988

The aquatic plants were cultivated in pots containing pig waste water, adjusted to three levels of $NH_4-N$ concentration 50, 100 and 200ppm. The aquatic plants were Eichhornia crassipes solms-laub, Monochoria korsakowii Regel et maack, Zizania caduciflora, Typha orientalis, Acorus asiaticus, Cyperus exaltaus, Colocasia antiquorum var. Yield, content and amount of nitrogen and phosphorus absorped by plants, and growth status were investigated. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The content and removal amount of nitrogen and phosphrus by plants were the highest in Eichhornia crassipes solms-laub. 2. Yield of dry matter in plants in 100ppm $NH_4-N$ was in the order of Eichhornia crassipes solms-laub>Zizania caduciflora>Typha orientalis>Monochoria korsakowii Regel et maack>Acorus asiaticus. 3. The removal amount of nitrogen by plants in the 100ppm $NH_4-N$ was in the order of Eichhornia crassipes solms-laub>Zizania caduciflora>Monochoria korsakowii Regel et maack>Typha orientalis>Acorus asiaticus>Colocasia antiquorum var>Cyperus exaltatus. Removal amount of phosphorus was in the order of Eichhornia cras sipes solms-laub>Monochoria korsakowii Regel et maack>Zizania caducilora>Typha orientalis>Acorus asiaticus> Cyperus exaltatus>Colocasia antiquorum var. 4. Concentration causing growth damage was 200ppm of $NH_4-N$ in Eichhornia crassipes solms-laub, Zizania caduciflora and Typha orientalis and 100ppm in Monochoria korsakowii Regel et maack and Acorus asiaticus. 5. Nitrogen content was the highest in leaf and phosphorus content was the highest in float of the water hyacinth. 6. The number of panicles of the water hyacinth increased by 752 pieces and dry matters were about 5,000kg/l0a during one year.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

This study was conducted to obtain proper amount of solid poultry manure in the beginning phase of Deutzia crenata growth. Seedling growth increment, dry weight, inorganic matter uptake and chemical changes of soil according to the concentration of solid poultry manure fertilization. 1. When treated with solid poultry manure, seed germination rate was highest on the control. However, germination rates tended to decrease when treated with at high concentrations. 2. The growth of seedlings treated with poultry manure was always higher than that in control. At the 1.0% of poultry manure treatment, the growth rate and dry weight of the seedlings was highest. 3. The amount of inorganic nutrients absorbed by the seedling was generally high with the 1.0% treatment, declined sharply with the 2.0% treatment. 4. For the planting soil of Deutzia crenata, the higher the concentration of poultry manure, the lower the soil pH. However, nitrogen, available P, K, Na and Mg contents in the soil have increased with higher concentrations.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2010

The occurrence and variation of oxygen deficient water mass (ODW) in Namdae stream estuary, Yangyang were studied. Field observations for water properties and sediment environments were conducted at 5 stations of the estuary from April 2008 to November 2008. The coastal sandbar is developed at the estuary mouth, and there is a pool between the estuary mouth and about 2.3 km upstream of the estuary. The pool is relatively deep and narrow compared to riverbed of the estuary. The ODW was observed continuously in the pool from May to October. The ODW extends vertically up to 2 m depth in August, and maximum length of the ODW were about 2.3 km. Mean concentration of ignition loss (IL) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) of sediment was 7.5~9.0%, $0.282{\sim}1.106\;mg/g{\cdot}dry$ wt, respectively. Ammonium concentration in the bottom layer during formation period of the halocline and the ODW was 4~23 times higher than that of surface layer. ODW was initiated by the introduction of seawater into bottom of the estuary pool to make a strong halocline, and then decomposition of organic matter within sediment accelerated the formation of the ODW.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1546-1552
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• 2012

A feeding experiment with 40 lactating Holstein cows and 4 dietary treatments was conducted to investigate supplementation with different levels of alcohol fermented feed to the TMR on lactating performance, blood metabolites, milk fatty acid profile and cholesterol concentration of blood and milk. Forty Holstein lactating cows ($106{\pm}24$ d post-partum; mean${\pm}$SD) were distributed into four groups and randomly assigned to one of four treatments with each containing 10 cows per treatment. The treatment supplemented with TMR (DM basis) as the control (CON), and CON mixed with alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) at a level of 5%, 10% and 15% of the TMR as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by supplementation of AFF. An increased 4% FCM in the milk occurred in cows fed T3 diet compared with CON, while T1 and T2 diets decreased 4% FCM in a dose dependent manner. Supplementation of AFF increased the concentration of albumin, total protein (TP), ammonia, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in serum compared with CON. In contrast, supplementation with AFF clearly decreased concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total cholesterol (TC) compare with CON. AFF supplementation increased the proportion of C18:1n9 and C18:2n6 compared to CON. A decrease in the concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA) for T1, T2 and T3 resulted in an increased unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) to SFA ratio compared to CON. Concentration of cholesterol in milk fat was reduced in proportion to the supplemental level of AFF. Feeding a diet supplemented with a moderate level AFF to lactating cows could be a way to alter the feed efficiency and fatty acid profile of milk by increasing potentially human consumer healthy fatty acid without detrimental effects on feed intake and milk production. A substantially decreased cholesterol proportion in milk induced by supplementation AFF suggests that alcohol fermented feed may improve milk cholesterol levels without any negative effects in lactating cows.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.66-80
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• 1989

Salt injury in rice is caused mainly by the salinity in soil and in the irrigated water, and occasionaly by salinity delivered through typhoon from the sea. The salt concentration of rice plants increased with higher salinity in the soil of the rice growing. The climatic conditions, high temperature and solar radiation and dry conditions promote the salt absorption of rice plant in saline soil. The higher salt accumulation in the rice plant generally reduces the root activity and inhibits the absorption of minerals of rice plant, resulting the reduction of photosynthesis. The salt damages of rice plant, however, are different from different growth stage of rice plants as follows: 1. Germination of rice seed was slightly delayed up to 1.0％ of salt concentration and remarkably at 1. 5％, but none of rice seeds were germinated at 2.5％. This may be due to the delayed water uptake of rice seeds and the inhibition of enzyme activity, 2. It was enable to establish rice seedlings at seed bed by 0.2％ of salt concentration with some reduction of leaf elongation. The increasing of 0.3％ salt concentration caused to the seedling death with varietal differences, but most of seedlings were death at 0.4％ with no varietal differences. 3. Seedlings grown at the nursery over 0.1％ salt, gradually reduced in rooting activity after transplanting according to increasing the salt concentration from 0.1％ up to 0.3％ of paddy field. However, the seedlings grown in normal seed bed showed no difference in rooting between varieties up to 0.1％ but significantly different at 0.3％ between varieties, but greatly reduced at 0.5％ and died at last in paddy after transplanting. 4. At panicle initiation stage, rice plant delayed in heading by salt damage, at meiotic stage reduced in grains and its filling rate due to inhibition of glume and pollen developing, and salt damage at heading stage and till 3 weeks after heading caused to reduction of fertilization and ripening rate. In viewpoint of agricultural policy the overcoming strategy for salt injury is to secure sufficient water source. Irrigation and drainage systems as well as underground drainage is necessary to desalinize more effectively. This must be the most effective and positive way except cost. By cultural practice, growing the salt tolerant variety with high population could increase yield. The intermittent irrigation and fresh water flooding especially at transplanting and from panicle initiation to heading stage, the most sensitive to salt injury, is important to reduce the salt content in saline soil. During the off-cropping season, plough and rotavation with flooding followed by drainage, or submersion and drainage with groove could improve the desalinization. Increase of nitrogen fertilizer with more split application, and soil improvement by lime, organic matter and forign soil addition, could increase the rice yield. Shift of trans-planting is one of the way to escape from the salt injury.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1790-1798
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) high black rice bran on nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality of pigs. In Exp. I, a total of fifteen pigs (19.91${\pm}$1.80 kg, average initial body weight) were used in assay of nutrient digestibility and blood measurements. All pigs were allotted to 5 treatments with 3 replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in an individual metabolic crate. Treatments included 1) CON: basal diet, 2) BRB-2: basal+brown rice bran 2%, 3) BRB-4: basal+brown rice bran 4%, 4) CRB-2: basal+C3G high black rice bran 2% and 5) CRB-4: basal+C3G high black rice bran 4%. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and crude fiber (CF) was not affected by dietary treatments. Serum triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not affected by addition of C3G high black rice bran. However, at the end of experiment, pigs fed rice bran showed decreased tendency in total cholesterol concentration. Especially pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed significantly lower total cholesterol concentration compared to pigs fed brown rice bran (p<0.03). There was numerically lower total cholesterol concentration with increasing levels of black rice bran in the diet. In terms of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), there were no significant differences among treatments, even though pigs fed CRB-4 showed the lowest GOT concentration compared to other pigs. In Exp. II, sixteen finishing pigs (average initial body weight 89.96${\pm}$0.35 kg) were divided into 4 treatments to investigate the effect of feeding C3G high black rice bran on growth performance and pork quality. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed numerical decrease in ADG and increase in FCR while not effecting feed intake. There was no significant difference in live weight, carcass weight, carcass rate, backfat thickness and carcass grade. However, pigs fed C3G high black rice bran tended to show lower backfat thickness than pigs fed basal diet. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed a tendency of decreased TBA value than pigs fed basal diet, although there was no overall significant difference among treatments. In conclusion, nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality were not significantly affected by feeding C3G high black rice bran to pigs. However, C3G high black rice bran might have an effect on lowering serum total cholesterol and decrease the TBA value in pork compared to control group and these effects might be due to high concentration of antioxidative compounds in C3G high black rice bran.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to the effect of four medicinal plants (Rheum palmatum, Pharbitidis semen, Reynoutria japonica, Tribulus semen) supplementation on methane reduction and ruminal fermentation in in vitro batch culture method. Each medicinal plant was supplemented 5% on a substrate basis in the bottle, then filled with buffered rumen fluid. Incubation was conducted for 24 hours in a shaking incubator (39℃, 120 rpm). The ruminal pH values were not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. However, the digestibility of the feed was significantly higher in the group supplemented with medicinal plants than control group. Methane production (mL/g of digested dry matter) and total gas production (mL) was significantly lower in the treatment group compared to the control group in Tribulus semen group. Total volatile fatty acids concentration were significantly higher in all treatment groups than control group, and acetate concentration was significantly higher in all treatment groups than control group except for Rheum palmatum group. Propionate concentration was significantly higher in all treatment groups than control group, while butyrate concentration was significantly higher in Rheum palmatum group than control group. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly higher in all treatment groups than control group. In conclusion, the addition of medicinal plants did not negatively impact rumen fermentation, and the results indicate that Tribulus semen has potential as a feed additive for reducing methane emissions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 1999

Distribution of biota and removal efficiency of organic matter in natural wetland systems were examined from June to October 1998. The aquatic macrophyte communities were consisted of 13 families and 22 species. The composition of occurrence species were as follows: Phragmites communis Trinius are 35%, Persicaria thunbergii Nakai are 19%, Typha angustifolia L. are 17%, Bidens tripartita L. are 16%, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. are 12% and others are l％. The fauna collected from 5 sites consisted of total 6 classes of macroinvertebrates. The composition of occurrence classes were as follows: Insecta are 76%, O1igochaeta are 19%, Gastrapoda are 4％ and others are 1%. These included 18 families, 7 orders of Insects. The larve and mosquito and midges were found in wetlands. Preventive strategies are needed for the suppression of mosquito at the stage of wetland planning and design. In wetland, removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon is low because of primary production and the background level of DOC in the wetland discharge seems to be 5 mgC/1, but those of BOD was ca. 50%. Wetlands receiving water of low concentration can not work as purification field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted during the growing season of 1985 to determine the effects of slope orientation, north and south facing exposures and three different altitudes, 800, 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. on the dry matter yield, forage quality and botanical composition of alpine pasture. 1. Total dry matter yield of alpine pasture was influenced by slope orientation and altitude. An average forage yield of both exposures at 1,000m a.s.1. was 9,301kg/ha compared with 10,274kg/ha at 800m a.s.1. and the productivity express in relative percentage decreased by 9.5% per 200m attitudinal increase. 2. An average forage yield of both altitudes, 800 and 1,000m a.s.1. on the south facing exposure was 21.5% higher than that on the north exposure. 3. Crude protein concentration of forage grown on both exposures was lowest at 800m a.s.1. increasing gradually as the altitude increased, but crude fiber concentration decreaced in a manner opposite to that of crude protein. 4. Forage grown on the north facing exposure had a higher concentration of crude protein than that grown on the south facing exposure at the same altitude, but lower concentraion of crude fiber. 5. Orchardgrass and timothy were two main species on both exposures at 800m a.s.1. but timothy was only dominant species at 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. and performed well up to 1,200m a.s.1. in alpine area. The economic production limit of orchardgrass would be about 800m a.s.1. in the alpine pasture. 6. No soil property differences were found between the north and south facing exposures as well as three different altitudes in the alpine pasture. It seemed that the previous pasture fertilization of the experimental field completely overshadowed any soil property differences from slope orientation and altitude.