• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.409-420
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• 2010

Biopolymer-based materials recently have garnered considerable interest as they can decrease dependency on fossil fuel. Biopolymers are naturally obtainable macromolecules including polysaccharides, polyphenols, polyesters, polyamides, and proteins, that play an important role in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug-delivery systems, and biosensors, because of their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the insolubility of unmodified biopolymers in most organic solvents has limited the applications of biopolymer-based materials and composites. Ionic liquids (ILs) are good solvents for polar organic, nonpolar organic, inorganic and polymeric compounds. Biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin/chitiosan, silk, and DNA can be fabricated from ILs into films, membranes, fibers, spheres, and molded shapes. Various biopolymer/biopolymer and biopolymer/synthetic polymer composites also can be prepared by co-dissolution of polymers into IL mixtures. Heparin/biopolymer composites are especially of interest in preparing materials with enhanced blood compatibility.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.205-207
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• 1996

Clonidine, an antihypertensive drug, stimulates postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system and lowers arterial pressure through the effects on both cardiac output and peripheral resistance. However, many patients experience that sedation and xerostomia occur upon oral administration of clonidine. These side effects are due to high plasma peak concentration and can be avoided when clonidine is given transdermally. In this study, we tested the antihypertensive effects of trandermal administration of clonidine patch on spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) which is a model animal for human essential hypertension. Forty eight SHR (male) were divided into six groups according to the dose levels, respectively. After transdermal administration of clonidine patch of each dose, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Clonidine patch produced maximal antihypertensive and bradycardiac effects 48 hrs after administration and antihypertensive effects showed dose-dependency. We suggest that antihypertensive effects of clonidine patch are similar to those of orally given clonidine and clonidine patch can be used instead of clonidine tablet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

13-week orally repeated dose toxicity was investigated to ascertain the toxic effects of Aristolochiae radix in F344 rats at dose levels of 0, 1 (0.003 AA, aristolochic acid, mg/kg), 5 (0.014 AA mg/kg), 25 (0.068 AA mg/kg), 125 (0.34 AA mg/kg), and 500mg/kg (AA 1.36 mg/kg). No mortalities were found in any of the dose groups including vehicle control groups of both sexes during the study period. Hematologic and serum biochemical examinations revealed no changes related to the test item in any of the dose groups of both sexes. However, gross findings at necropsy implicated thickening of the stomach wall. In histopathological examinations, prominent findings related to the test item treatment were observed in the stomach and urinary bladder. There were squamous cell papilloma, squamous cell hyperplasia, ulceration and erosion observed in the non-glandular stomach. Squamouse cell hyperplasia was observed at dose levels of more than 125 mg/kg in both sexes and squamous cell papilloma was observed at dose level of 500 mg/kg in both sexes. The incidence and severity of these proliferating lesions including squamous cell hyperplasia and squamous cell papilloma increased with dose dependency. Transitional cell hyperplasia was also observed in the urinary bladder at dose levels of more than 25 mg/kg in both sexes and the incidence and severity of the lesion increased with dose dependency. In conclusion, the toxic changes related to the test item treatment were observed in the stomach and urinary bladder, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was estimated to be 5 mg/kg/day for both males and females in F344 rats.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the migration levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) from polycarbonate food contact materials into food simulant at different temperatures ($70^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$). The method was validated by linearity of calibration curves, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, precision and uncertainty. All of 200 samples, including bottles, cups, containers, ladles, spoons and tongs were purchased from domestic markets and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mean concentrations of positive samples were higher at $100^{\circ}C$ than $70^{\circ}C$ as showing a dependency of migration temperature. The migration concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to $4.67{\mu}g/L$, ND to $0.49{\mu}g/L$L and ND to $2.91{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, Cd and As, respectively, which were far below the migration limits of Korea standards and specifications for food utensils, containers and packages.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.371-380
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• 2013

Doxorubicin is still main drug in chemotherapy with limitation of use due to adverse drug reaction. Increased oxidative stress and alteration of nitric oxide control have been involved in cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX). A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAMs) are transmembrane ectoproteases to regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but role in cardiac disease is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether DOX activates peroxynitrite and ADAM 10 and thus ADAM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induce cardiac remodeling in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cardiomyopathy by DOX (6 times of 2.5 mg/kg DOX over 2-weeks), and were randomized as four groups. Then followed by 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after cessation of DOX injection. DOX-injected animals significantly decreased left ventricular fractional shortening compared with control by M-mode echocardiography. The expressions of cardiac nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemistry were significant increased, and persisted for 2 weeks following the last injection. The expression of eNOS was increased by 1.9 times (p<0.05), and iNOS was marked increased in DOX-heart compared with control (p<0.001). Compared to control rats, cardiac ADAM10- and MMP 9- protein expressions increased by 20 times, and active/total MMP 9 proteolytic activity showed increase tendency at day 14 after cessation of DOX injection (n=10, each group). DOX-treated $H_9C_2$ cell showed increased ADAM10 protein expression with dose-dependency (p<0.01) and morphometric changes showed the increase of ventricular interstitial, nonvascular collagen deposition. These data suggest that activation of cardiac peroxynitrite with increased iNOS expression and ADAM 10-dependent MMP 9 expression may be a molecular mechanism that contributes to left ventricular remodeling in DOXinduced cardiomyopathy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2963-2966
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• 2013

Infection with Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) due to eating certain traditional freshwater fish dishes is the principal risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand where the infection is endemic and the incidence of this form of primary liver cancer has been the highest in the world. This paper is the second report of a prospective research project to monitor the impacts of a national liver fluke control programme in a rural community of Northeast Thailand. A sample of 684 villagers aged 20-65 years completed an interview questionnaire and were tested for infection using the Kato thick smear technique. The questionnaire was designed for the exploration of associations between OV infection, previous treatment with praziquantel, and knowledge and beliefs about the drug. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. The overall prevalence of OV infection was 37.2% and was highest in the 20-35 year age group, in those with a university degree and in those employed in the government sector. As many as 91.8% reported eating fish dishes known to place them at risk of infection. In the multiple regression analysis, previous use of praziquantel and lack of knowledge about whether or not the drug has a protective effect against re-infection were the only factors related to OV infection ($OR_{adj}$= 2.31, 95%CI =1.40-3.79 and $OR_{adj}$= 1.95, 95%CI= 1.24-3.05). The findings were discussed in terms of the possibly unwise dependency on praziquantel as a primary element in a control programme.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.109-124
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• 2003

This study conducted multiple logistic regression to investigate what factors and how much they influence problem drinking. In this study, problem drinking was defined by AUDIT and NAST. Most of the studies on problem drinking focused on socio-demographic factors even though problem drinking is caused by bio-psycho- socio-cultural factors. The current study tried to estimate a logistric regression models including socio-demographic, environmental, psychological, economical, emotional, values, and MMPI factors. The best fit model suggested that problem drinking, which was determined by AUDIT, of college students were related to sociodemographic, environmental, psychological, and emotional factors. Students who were male, whose father, brother or sister had been abused alcohol or drug, students thought that his/her mother had not trusted him/her, who worried about his/her health, smokers, who had strong impulsivity, who had three or more feelings among the sorts of feelings, such as sadness, loneliness, boring making him/her feel to drink alcohol were more likely to had drinking problem. Students who were indulgers-who could not help buying things immediately after they saw goods they like, who were smokers, who had low ego-control, who had three or more feelings among the sorts of feelings, such as become excited, anxiousness, healthy were more likely to be dependent on alcohol. The study suggested intervention programs for college students to prevent problem alcohol drinking and alcohol dependency.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.380-383
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• 1997

CJ-50001 is a recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rG-CSF) developed by Cheil Jedang R&D Center. The effects of CJ-50001 on the increase of peripheral neutrophil count following intravenous and subcutaneous single administration at a dose of 20$\mu$g/kg in normal ICR mice and SD rats, respectively, were compared with those of Grasin, a control drug. Both CJ-50001 and Grasin significantly increased the peripheral neutrophil number in four treatment groups and the maximum number of neutrophil was achieved at 12 to 18 h in rats and mice, respectively. The dose dependency test was studied for CJ-50001 only in normal mice by intravenous or subcutaneous administration. When administered i.v or s.c at the various doses in normal mice, CJ-50001 significantly increased the neutrophil number over the dose of 160 ng/kg, compared with the vehicle control group. From these results, it was concluded that CJ-50001 showed efficacy similar to Grasin in the peripheral neutrophil count increase.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.3623-3631
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• 2010

We prepared several novel molecular transporters built on myo- and scyllo-inositol scaffolds with variations in the number of guanidine residues, linker chain lengths and patterns. Some of these transporters were found to localize in mitochondria, and the mitochondrial affinity seems to be substantially related to the scaffold stereochemistry.