• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.191-212
• /
• 1992

This paper discusses the role of money in the process of capital accumulation where financial markets are impeded by contract enforcement problems in the context of overlapping generations framework. In particular, in less developed countries (LDCs) creditors may know little about the repayment capability of potential debtors due to incomplete information so that financial instruments other than money may not acceptable to them. In this paper the impediments to the operation of the private finanical markets are explicitly modelled. We argue that creditors cannot observe actual investment decisions made by the potential borrowers, and as a result, loan contracts may not be fully enforceable. Therefore, a laissez-faire regime may fail to provide the economy with the appropriate financial instruments. Under these circumstances, we introduce a government operated discount window (DW) that acts as an open market buyer of private debt. This theoretical structure represents the practice of governments of many LDCs to provide loans (typically at subsidized interest rates) to preferred borrowers either directly or indirectly through the commercial banking system. It is shown that the DW can substantially overcome impediments to trade which are caused by the credit market failure. An appropriate supply of the DW loan enables producers to purchase the resources they cannot obtain through direct transactions in the credit market. This result obtains even if the DW is subject to the same enforcement constraint that is responsible for the market failure. Thus, the DW intervention implies higher investment and output. However, the operation of the DW may cause inflation. Furthermore, the provision of cheap loans through the DW results in a worse income distribution. Therefore, there is room for welfare enhancing schemes that utilize the higher output to develop. We demonstrate that adequate lump sum taxes-cum-transfers along with the operation of the DW can support an allocation that is Pareto superior to the laissez-faire equilibrium allocation.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of records related to Korea shown in the cataloging records of national libraries of the main 12 developing countries in Europe and South America. The results are as follows. To begin with, Korea-related records in most national libraries are very poor and under 0.01% of the library. Second, Korean materials usually write Korean in Roman characters except for National Library of Armenia, but there are not marked with the original Korean language and unfeasible Hangeul search. Third, on investigation of the subject distribution in sub criteria of Korea-related records, subject related to history, politics, and economy is largely shown in the highest rate. Fifth, among the Korea-related subject heading, Taekwondo is marked with distinction from Karate in most libraries except for National Library of Argentina. Dokdo is marked with the geographical name of 'Korea' in 8 national libraries and East Sea (Donghae) already is marked with 'Sea of Japan' in 7 national libraries. Amnokgang, Dumangang, and Baekdusan-related records did not search at all in most national libraries.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.101-135
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine what influence the satisfaction of the services rendered by libraries has over the satisfaction of life, which is consisted of income employment, education, cultural leisure, family community, citizenry participation, safety environment, and subjective satisfaction. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the users of public libraries, and the extent of the measurement tools' regular distribution (skewness and kurtosis), validity and reliability were validated. First, it turned out that the satisfaction of library service has a significant influence over the satisfaction of life for income and employment. Second, the satisfaction of library service turned out to have a significant influence on the educational part of the satisfaction of life partially. Third, the overall satisfaction of library turned out to have influence over the satisfaction of culture, leisure, and health among the satisfaction of life. Fourth, it turned out that the greater the satisfaction of the library's program services and comprehensive parts, the higher the family and community satisfaction will be. Fifth, the citizenry participation increased as the library's program services and comprehensive parts increased. Sixth, as the satisfaction of library services increased, the satisfaction of safety and environment also increased. Finally, the subjective satisfaction increased as the library's space and place services and the library's overall satisfaction increased. Such research results suggest that various support for libraries could improve the quality of life and satisfaction of the people.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.40 no.11
• /
• pp.2218-2229
• /
• 2015

Recently Wi-Fi Alliance defined Wi-Fi direct, which can communicate through a direct connection between the mobile device anytime, anywhere. In Wi-Fi direct, all devices are categorized by group of owner (GO) and client. Since portability is emphasized in Wi-Fi direct devices, it is essential to control the energy consumption of a device very efficiently. In order to avoid unnecessary power consumed by GO, Wi-Fi direct standard defines two power management schemes: Opportunistic power saving scheme and Notice Of Absence (NOA) scheme. But, these two schemes do not consider the traffic pattern, so we cannot expect high energy efficiency. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm to enhance the energy efficiency of Wi-Fi direct power saving, considering the characteristics of multimedia video traffic. Proposed algorithm utilizes the statistical distribution for the size of video frames and adjusts the length of awake interval dynamically. Also, considering the inter-dependency among video frames, the proposed algorithm assigns priorities to video frames and ensures that a video frame with high priority is transmitted with higher probability than other frames with low priority. Simulation results shows that the proposed method outperforms the traditional NOA in terms with average delay and energy efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.61-80
• /
• 1996

This research study presents historic revolutionary sites in North Korea. In this study, the creation of historic revolutionary sites in North Korea after the Liberation of Korea in 1945, as yet unpublished in the field of landscape architecture and urban planning, is investigated. For conducting this study, the method of true and urban planning, is investigated. For conducting this study, the method of archival research, in which regarding documents, plans and photographs are investigated, was used. This study covers notions, establishment, related laws and regulations, distribution and present status, developmental stages, concrete examples, and general characteristics, of historic revolutionary sites in North Korea. In North Korea, historic revolutionary sites mean all the places where revolutionary achievements of Kim, Ill-Sung and his family are reached. Those sites have been actively created for the purpose of the idolization of Kim, Ill-Sung since the 1960s. In recent years, the sites have been revobated and new places of this kind have been constructed, so that various idolization facilities and structures are now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed in Pyungyang, the forest areas of Mt. Pakdu, the areas along the shore of the Tuman River and the Abrock River. In those sites, various historic revolutionary relics are preserved, and the statues of Kim, Ill-Sung, historic revolutionary monuments, revolutionary museums and other facilities are constructed. These places can not be regarded as planned spaces for people in true the meaning of place, and accordingly they must be reconstructed for people's use. They can be redeveloped as places of history, culture and deucation, theme parks, green open spaces, and sight-seeing facilities after unification of Korea. This study can be used as valuable information for further study especially for the reconstruction planning of the places in preparation for a probable unified Korea. For a profound study, North Korea must open broader and more accurately detailed documents, regarding historic revolutionary sites, to the outside world, and the South Korean Government must also have a sense of co-ownership of the information about North Korea rather than exclusive possession and restrictions. Ultimately, academic exchange between South and North Korea must be realized and on-the-spot surveys must be carried out so as to find a reasonable land use plan for the historic revolutionary sites for a future unified Korea.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
• /
• v.44 no.2 s.314
• /
• pp.116-125
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we propose a illumination environment adaptive real-time surveillance system for security of important area such as military bases, prisons, and strategic infra structures. The proposed system recognizes movement of objects on the bright environments as well as in dark illumination. The procedure of proposed system may be summarized as follows. First, the system discriminates between bright and dark with input image distribution. Then, if the input image is dark, the system has a pre-processing. The Multi-scale Retinex Color Restoration(MSRCR) is processed to enhance the contrast of image captured in dark environments. Secondly, the enhanced input image is subtracted with the revised background image. And then, we take a morphology image processing to obtain objects correctly. Finally, each bounding box enclosing each objects are tracked. The center point of each bounding box obtained by the proposed algorithm provides more accurate tracking information. Experimental results show that the proposed system provides good performance even though an object moves very fast and the background is quite dark.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.67
• /
• pp.88-118
• /
• 2014

This study attempted to clarify (1) the meaning of 'people's livelihood (Minsaeng, 民生)' conveyed by the newspapers in Korean society and the specific matter it refers to, and (2) consider the discourse formed by the newspapers and what does and does not change in that discourse over the passage of time. Editorials were classified and analyzed based on the framework of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis(CDA). It was clear, from the political perspective, that the discourse was respectively formed and changed for each administration. The discourse on 'people's livelihood' was critical and at the same time generally negative, because it dealt with the important social incidents or controversies of the time. The discourse on 'people's livelihood' related to the massive social streams of Korea's democratization and globalization process. Whereas the discourse on 'people's livelihood' in the 1990s, seen from an economic perspective, tried to resolve labor strikes, inflation rate, housing problem, and financial crisis. The discourse in the 2000s changed to issues ranging from economic growth and distribution to bi-polarization problem, job creation, abolishment of non-regular employments, etc. The meaning of 'people's livelihood' produced in the editorials of the major daily newspapers is different from the word's dictionary definition as 'the people's lives'.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.174-187
• /
• 2011

The flowed soil is able to be estimated from topographic data of before and after the debris flow. However, it is often difficult to obtain airborne LiDAR data before the debris flow area. Thus, this study tries to develop a topographic restoration method that can provide spatial distribution of flowed soil and reconstruct the topography before the debris flow using airborne LiDAR data. The topographic restoration method can express a numerical formula induced from a Gaussian mixture model after extracting the cross sections of linear or non-linear in debris flowed area. The topographic restoration method was verified by two ways using airborne LiDAR data of before and after the debris flow. First, each cross section extracted from the debris flow sites to restore the topography was compared with airborne LiDAR data of before the debris flow. Also, the topographic data produced after the topographic restoration method applied to the debris flow sites was verified by airborne LiDAR DEM. Verifying the results of the topographic restoration method, overall fitting accuracy showed high accuracy close to 0.5m.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.150-162
• /
• 2011

For the period between 1991 and 2009, the annual average of 448 forest fires occurred in Korea. Above all, approximately 94% of the total fires frequently occurred during the spring and fall seasons. Therefore, we need to minimize the damage of forest fire and manage them systematically. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution patterns for the frequency of forest fire occurrences by each city and gun during dry season between 1990s and 2000s using GIS. Then we compared to analyze the frequency of forest fire occurrence by ten-day intervals in 2000s with that in 1990s. As a result of analysis, early April showed the highest frequency of forest fire occurrence in both 1990s and 2000s. Compared to the 1990s and 2000s, the regional change of forest fire showed the most frequent fire events around Chungcheong province. Especially extra 27 fires increased in Daejeon city, and the second most frequent fire had more than 10 fires in Jeolla province and Incheon. However, the number of fire frequency decreased by 12 fires at the end of April in Hongcheon-gun(the province of Gangwon). This is the largest drop over the study period. We consider that this paper will utilize usefully to establish regional counterplan for forest fire prevention by understanding regional forest fire patterns from seasonal change.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.114-127
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out cold and fresh air producing areas using climate-ecological functions in Changwon city, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. The evaluation of climate-ecological functions were composed of the six factors: patch size with cold air generation and inflow functions, farmland and grassland ratio, mean slope degree, cross section types, mean slope length and roughness of bottom in valley. The analysis results of each evaluation factor in the study area were divided into 5 grades according to the capacity of cold air generation. The first-grade area with the highest factor values for cold air generation was take up 3.51% of the total study area, second grade was 13.48%, third grade was 31.65%, fourth grade was 27.28%, and fifth grade was 24.09%. According to the spatial distribution of cold air producing areas, the valleys around Mt. Bongnim, Changwon tunnel, and Anmin tunnel had higher evaluation grade. It will require the future research to establish the climate-ecological conservation areas and to construct the wind corridor based on the long-term microclimatic monitoring.