• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.921-932
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the number of existing permanent teeth and the denture usage status in elderly adults aged 65 years and above living in metropolitan cities and to confirm the degree of oral health inequality caused by the differences in oral conditions in each metropolitan city using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. Methods: The raw data for the analysis were obtained from the dataset of the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2015. The subjects included 1,764 people who underwent oral examination and answered questions. The complex samples general linear model was used to analyze the number of existing permanent teeth adjusted for age and monthly household income. The proportion of edentulousness and the denture status was analyzed using complex samples crosstabs. Results: The number of existing permanent teeth in the elderly adults aged 65 years and above was lowest in Ulsan (15.41) and highest in Gwangju (20.44). The proportion of edentulousness was highest in Busan (14.5%) and lowest in Daejeon (4.0%). With regard to the proportion of denture users, Busan had the highest tendency for denture usage (50.4%) and Gwangju had the lowest tendency (34.9) (p=0.172). The Gini's coefficient for the number of existing teeth was lowest in Busan (0.332). Oral health inequality was most severe in metropolitan cities. Conclusions: We found that oral health inequality exists among elderly adults living in the metropolitan cities of Korea using the Lorenz curve and Gini's coefficient.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.57
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• pp.159-182
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• 2017

With using the 4th and 5th wave of KLoSA(Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging), this study analyzed the effect of the factors of Rowe and Kahn's successful aging model on the life satisfaction of older adults. The target population of this study was 1,385 who is older than 65. As data analysis, hierarchical multiple regression was used. The variables such as demographics, avoiding diseases and disability, high cognitive and physical function and engagement with life, relationship with adult children were entered hierarchically for the regression analysis. Since there are differences of longevity by gender, the difference of factors of successful aging were compared by marital status. In this study (besides Rowe and Kahn's successful aging model such as avoiding disease and disability, high cognitive and physical function, and engagement with life), the relationships with adult children were analyzed additionally. Findings show that married older adults were older and reside with their adult children twice more than those who do not have a spouse. According to research results, regular exercise and memory skills were important factors of affecting life satisfaction. Among the categories of active engagement, meeting with friends, relatives and neighbors were significant. Contact with their adult children by mail or phone were the most important factors affecting the older adults' life satisfaction. The three parts of successful aging were various depending on the operationalization of variables.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.103-123
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon in-depth with its context that what are changes of life in the older patients with social admission by applying the phenomenological research method, and to understand the essential meanings and structure of change experiences of life in elderly patients with social admission. The participants were 15 patients with chronic disease over 65 ages who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from April to July 2016, and were analyzed using Colaizzi (1978)'s phenomenological analysis method. The essential meanings and structure of change experiences of life in the older patients with social admission were derived into six clusters of themes as follows: 'A lot of concerns are solved', 'New relationship', 'Life as a ordinary person that it looks nothing like a patient', 'The body and mind are comfortable', 'Fear of discharge','Social isolation'. The results of this study contributed to promoting a deeper understanding of change of life in older patients with social admission, and provided for the basic data of strategic approach in solving the social admission problem in long-term hospital.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.119-123
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• 2019

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder with no breathing symptoms due to repetitive upper airway resistance. OSA is a disease that can have significant effects on the cerebral cardiovascular system. Active treatment is needed to prevent these complications. The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the standard therapy of OSA, has comparative therapeutic effects. On the other hand, there is no comparison report of the polysomnography (PSG) results before and after CPAP therapy without using a mask. This paper reports a patient who was diagnosed as OSA and used CPAP every night for more than 2 years. The patient showed a decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index from 64.7/h to 12.9/h. In addition, other sleep-related indicators improved significantly. The daily use of CPAP as a treatment for OSA for more than 2 years may improve the PSG results. Constant follow up of PSG will be needed to adjust the appropriate CPAP pressure to patients because there might be a change in the Apnea-Hypopnea Index and other sleep-related indicators for constant CPAP users for at least 2 years.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.308-312
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• 2018

We analyzed rice sample with scab (collected in 2017) for fungal occurrence and found that frequency of Fusarium spp. was the highest among fungal genera. Within Fusarium, Fusarium asiaticum-nivalenol type dominated as 79%. Among mycotoxins, zearalenone was the highest toxin detected (1117 ng/g), followed by deoxynivalenol (163 ng/g), 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (155 ng/g), nivalenol (110 ng/g). Analysis of mycotoxin levels in scabby and healthy grains (collected in 2015) revealed that both grain samples were contaminated with zearalenone. However, level difference of zearalenone between the samples was over 5 times as the scabby samples were 1400-2370 ng/g, while healthy ones were 240-430 ng/g. This result indicates that scabby grains should be removed when harvest to reduce zearalenone contamination in rice.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2018

Fusarium infection rate of the paddy rice grain after harvest seemed to be influenced by the average temperature from late July (before heading) to the end of September (during ripening). In case of 2010 and 2013 in which average temperature of the same period was similar, Fusarium infection was related to cumulative precipitation, cumulative precipitation days, and precipitation durations over two days. The distribution ratio of Fusarium species complex isolated from paddy rice grains after harvest was 57% in 2010 and 45% in 2013 for Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), 35% and 50% for Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and 8% and 5% for Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The distribution ratios of FGSC and FFSC were higher in 2010 than 2013. Among the total 26 promoted rice varieties, the 'Mihyang' showed resistant response against the natural infection with Fusarium species belonging to FGSC and the varieties of 'Nampyeong', 'Hi-ami'and 'Younghojinmi' showed resistant response against the natural infection with overall Fusarium pathogens. Majority of the promoted rice varieties could not be classified for resistance or susceptibility. These results are valuable as basic data to determine the resistance and susceptibility of rice variety against Fusarium spp. infection in the field.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2018

Two isolates of Strawberry mild yellow edge virus were newly isolated in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivar Selhyang and Kamhong from Korea. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coat protein (CP) of two Korean isolates were determined and analyzed. Sequence identity of nucleotide and amino acid between SH and KH isolates was 90.4% and 95.5%, respectively. The comparison of three Korean isolates including previously reported KNS1 with 45 SMYEV sequences from other countries deposited in GenBank database revealed an identity ranging from 81.2% to 100%. The phylogenetic analysis of CP of all SMYEV isolates showed the five subgroups (I-V), with Korean isolates being divided into two different subgroups. The isolates KH and KNS1 were included in subgroup I, whereas SH was included in subgroup IV which is new phylogenetic subgroup. Genetic diversity analysis indicated that new subgroup had greater variability and nucleotide diversity between subgroups resulted in values ranging from 0.0863 to 0.18004. This report represents the first molecular characterization of SMYEV isolates from Korea.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2019

Objectives: As a general emotion, everyone can temporarily experience depression, but depressive disorder is a disease that excessively affects daily life. Among the various causes of depression, the deficiency of monoamine-based neurotransmitters such as serotonin and epinephrine are considered significant. Thus, antidepressants that target monoamines are used frequently. However, side effects such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction are observed. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new therapeutic agent with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effect of JG02, used to treat depression by normalizing the flow of qi (氣) in Korean medicine. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were selected and randomly divided into six groups: normal, control, amitriptyline, and JG02 (50, 125, 250 mg/kg), respectively. Except for normal, depression was induced by applying restraint stress at the same time for six hours daily for 14 consecutive days. Saline, amitriptyline or JG02 samples were orally administered two hours before applying the stress. After that, a forced swimming test and an open field test were performed. Additionally, serum corticosterone, serotonin mRNA, BDNF mRNA, and protein in the hippocampal region were measured and compared. Results: JG02 decreased immobility time rate in the FST and increased the zone transition number and travel distance in the OFT. Also, JG02 inhibited the release of serum corticosterone, and increased serotonin, BDNF gene expression, and BDNF protein in the hippocampus. Conclusions: In this study, JG02 showed significant antidepressant effects on the chronic restraint stress mice model. When further research is performed based on JG02, the development of a new antidepressant is considered highly possible.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.245-253
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• 2019

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p < 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4, and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8 and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6 folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12 (-1.9, -2.0, -2.0 and; -2.7 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control (p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in cow blood.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

Causal questions are prevalent in scientific research, for example, how effective a treatment was for preventing an infectious disease, how much a policy increased utility, or which advertisement would give the highest click rate for a given customer. Causal inference theory in statistics interprets those questions as inferring the effect of a given intervention (treatment or policy) in the data generating process. Causal inference has been used in medicine, public health, and economics; in addition, it has received recent attention as a tool for data-driven decision making processes. Many recent datasets are observational, rather than experimental, which makes the causal inference theory more complex. This review introduces key concepts and recent trends of statistical causal inference in observational studies. We first introduce the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome framework to formularize from causal questions to average treatment effects as well as discuss popular methods to estimate treatment effects such as propensity score approaches and regression approaches. For recent trends, we briefly discuss (1) conditional (heterogeneous) treatment effects and machine learning-based approaches, (2) curse of dimensionality on the estimation of treatment effect and its remedies, and (3) Pearl's structural causal model to deal with more complex causal relationships and its connection to the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome model.