• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2015

Background : In order to determine the effects of planting methods on root growth of ginseng varieties, two different methods, direct seed sowing and transplanting were compared in terms of their effects on different root growth characteristics. Methods and Results : Higher fresh root weight was observed in ginseng grown by direct seed sowing. Direct seed sowing of three cultivars (Sunhyang, Chungsun and K-1) resulted in higher yield, whereas no difference was observed in the yield of one cultivar (Chungsun). Gumpoong was highly tolerant to physiological stress, as it showed fewer symptoms of rusty and rough skin root diseases in both direct seed sowing and transplanting. The average main root length per total root length of ginseng grown by direct seed sowing was 33.6%, whereas that of ginseng grown by the average of those by transplanting was 22.4%. Other root growth characteristics, including root length, main root diameter, and number of side roots, improved when the direct seed sowing method was used. Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the differences in root growth parameters of ginseng varieties grown by direct seed sowing or transplanting at the same planting density. Because of the advantages of direct sowing during ginseng planting, developing new varieties and improving cultivation methods are imperative.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.381-390
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• 2002

Direct seeding of rice-seed pellets is expected to be an alternative for solving problems in current direct seeding cultivation of rice. but mass production of rice-seed pellets is prerequisite for practical application. Design. construction and performance evaluation of an experimental rice seed pelleting machine were carried out for mass production of rice-seed pellets. The pelleting machine intended to make a ball type rice-seed pellet, which have 3∼5 rice seeds and diameter of which is 12 mm. Pellet materials ; rice seeds, soil, and binder were mixed and kneaded by the mixer. The designed rice seed pelleting machine fed pellet materials by screw conveyor to forming rolls and made rice-seed pellets. Capacity, ratio of perfect rice-seed pellets, seed and pellet material loss were investigated as mixing ratio of soil to rice seed and feeding rate of pellet materials. The pelleting machine showed up to 37,000 pellets/h of pelleting rate, 61∼71% of weight ratio of perfect rice-seed pellets to pellet materials supplied, 17∼48% of seed loss ratio. Average weight and average diameter of the pellets were 1.66 g and 12.0 mm. respectively. More than 3 rice seeds were included in most pellets at 6 : 1 of mixing ratio of soil to rice seed. And compression strength of the pellets was in the range of 88-130 N. To improve performance of the pelleting machine, improvements of the forming rolls, feeding mechanism, and discharging mechanism for reducing loss of pellet materials and seeds damage are needed.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2000

One of perspective direction of microfabrication is direct laser writing technology that allows to create metal, semiconductive and dielectric micropatterns on substrate surface. In this work, a two step method, the combination of seed forming process, in which metallic Al seed was selectively generated on AlN ceramic substrate by direct writing technique using a pulsed Nd : YAG laser and subsequent electroless Ni plating on the activated Al seed, was presented. The effects of laser parameters such as pulse energy, scanning speed and pulse frequency on shape of Alseed and conductor line after electroless Ni plating were investigated. The nature of the laser activated surface is analyzed from XPS data. The line width of this metallic Al and Ni is analyzed using SEM. As a results, Al seed line with 24㎛ width and 100㎛ isolated line space is obtained. Finally, laser direct writing can be applied in the field between thin and thick film technique in electronic industry.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.397-400
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• 2006

The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of seeding and transplanting date on yield and quality of rapeseed experiment were conducted in the research field of Chungcheongnam Do(Taejun) Agricultural Research and Extension Services with Yudal, one of the rapeseed cultivar of different growth characteristics among the six treatments were examined and recorded. Results showed that yield components such as plant height, length of ear and pod, number of branches and pods and percentage of pod setting and seed set were highest at the plot with direct seeding in Sep. 10. In this treatment yield of seed, 1,000 grains weight and weight of $1{\ell}$ were highest. On the basis of vegetative and yield parameter of direct seeding in Sep. 10 was the best sowing date of rapeseed crop in Chungcheongnam Do region of Korea. Experiments were conducted in the research field of Chungcheongnam Do(Taejun) Agricultural Research and Extension Services with Yudal variety, which showed different growth characteristics. Yield components such as plant height, length of ear and pod, number of branches and pods and percentage of pod setting and seed set were highest at the plot with direct seeding in Sep. 10. Yield of seed, 1,000 grains weight and weight of $1{\ell}$ were highest at the direct seeding in Sep. 10. Judging from the results reported above, seemed to be direct seeding in Sep. 10.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2005

In order to save labor and cost, direct seeding has been considered as an important alternative to the machine transplanting in rice cultivation. As current seeders for direct seeding of rice seeds drill irregular amount of seeds under various operating conditions, conventional drilling should be turned to precision planting which enables accurate placement of proper amount of rice seeds at equal intervals within rows. In this study, design, construction and performance evaluation of a precision seed metering device for planting of rice seeds were carried out. As prototype, the conventional roller type seed metering device was modified for planting: increasing diameter of metering roller, setting 2 or 4 seed cells on metering roller, adding seed discharging lid and its driving cam mechanism. Through performance tests for prototype and the current seed metering device, number of seeds in a hill, planting space and its error ratio, coefficient of variation of planting space (planting accuracy), and seeding length of $90\%$ of seeds in a hill divided by planting space (planting precision) at setting planting spaces of 15, and 20cm, seeding heights of 10, and 20cm, and seeding speeds of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5m/s were investigated. Prototype showed better seed planting performance than the current seed metering devices. When setting planting space of 15 cm and seeding height of 10cm, prototype with 2 seed cells showed that variations of planting space and seeding lengths of $90\%$ of seeds in a hill at up to seeding speed of 0.5m/s were within 0.9cm, and 3.6cm, respectively.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.112-120
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop the environmental friendly restoration technique for various disturbed slopes using native plants seed chips. As the result of the separated seeding using the developed seed chips of native plant combination, average germination rate and survival rate of trees, shrubs, and herbs were higher than those of the direct seeding, as 79~70%, 83~73%, and 59~53% or so, respectively. Also, the germination rates and the survival rates of trees, shrubs, and herbs in the separated seeding by the native plants seed chips were 10~15 times higher than those of the direct seeding. Numbers of plants survived were at least 10 times of that of the simple seeding. The native plants seed chip technique is more efficient in soil slopes compared with stone slopes. The application of the native plants seed chip technique makes the restoration stabilized through the herbs dominant vegetation to the woody dominant 1 within 3 years, and the Landscapes also changed from herbs to variously combined herbs and woody. The technique using native plants seed chips that can be applicable to various disturbed slops is more efficient than conventional restoration techniques in the respect of economics and landscape.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.214-222
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• 1998

These experiments were conducted to investigate water uptake, electrical conductivity, germination percentage, seedling growth, and seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation of rice. The rice seeds of six japonica type varieties were coated with 12 kinds of polymers in a standard concentration of 0.2% using seed coating machine. The water absorption of the polymer-coated seeds under saturation conditions was not different among varieties, and was the highest in kulcel, maltrin, and waterlock on the polymer-coated seeds. The electrical conductivity with waterlock (55.0 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) was higher than the control plot (45.6 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) and other treatments. The germination of the polymer-coated seeds was 95.9% at control plot, 92.7% at low temperature and 35.7% at high temperature. The total dry weight of seed decreased in the order of low temperature, control plot, and high temperature, and was effective in pvp (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), opadry, and sacrust. The seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation ranged from 74.9 to 81.0% in flooded paddy surface, and ranged from 64.7 to 76.6% in dry paddy. In both cases, it decreased in the order of early, medium and medium-late varieties, but was enhanced in daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust. According to this study the recommended polymers for direct seeding cultivation of rice are daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.221-224
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to observe the weed control effects of vetch and to evaluate vetch characteristics on clay loam soil in no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping systems. The effects of weed control, forage productivity, and N content of vetch plants were investigated. With the progress of plant growth, density of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) gradually decreased, but densities of foxtail and other weeds decreased steeply due to the depression by the over-shaded vetch canopy in a no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping paddy field. The vetch density in tillage systems was lower than in notillage cropping systems. Lower vetch density occurred with an increase in foxtail density and other weeds. Weed control effect increased by the progress of vetch growth, which indicated that the vetch canopy over-shaded the weeds. Vetch straw was degraded rapidly submergence after with water at the time of wet sowing of rice. Early harvesting of vetch seed resulted in lower seed germination. To acquire enough seedlings without re-sowing, the harvesting of seed should be delayed at least 28 days after the flowering stage in order to ensure the vetch population is sustainable in a no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping system. In order to improve the survival of vetch plants, vetch seeds should germinate from the heading .stage to before the full-ripening stage of rice plants. To enhance the percent of over-wintering survival, vetch seeds should germinate no later than the end of October in southern Korea. The dry weight of vetch plants increased with the progress of vetch growth until the flowering stage but N content decreased for 30 days from before the flowering stage (2.9%) until the ripening stage (1.8%). We concluded that Chinese milk vetch could have an effect on weed control before the flowering stage, sustainability without re-sowing of seed annually, and effective green manure for rice pre-crop in no-till direct-sown rice-vetch relay cropping systems.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1970

안성지방에서 8월말경 마령서의 추작을 할때 남작을 2pm의 Gibberellin 용액에 10분간 침적해서 파종할 경우 종서의 취급방식이 파종후의 종서부패와 발아생육에 미치는 영향에 관해서 실험한 성적을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 절단종서의 절단면을 직사일광에 조사하면 파종후의 종서부패와 발아생육의 지연을 초래하였는데 조사시간이 3시간이상 되면 피해는 막심하다. (2) 토양수분이 넉넉하고 직사일광에 오래 쏘이지만 ？\ulcorner으면 직파를 해도 최아정식하는 것 보다 종서부패가 많지 않다. (3) 종서부패가 적으면 직파하는 것이 최아정식하는 것보다 본포에서의 호착기간이 필요없기 때문에 생육이 빠르다. (4) 종서절편을 파종전 3일간 독속에 넣고 대하여 절구의 유상조직형성을 촉진해보려는 시도는 실해하였는데 이는 독속의 고습도유지가 안되었기 때문이라고 추측된다. (5) 처리 및 파종작업이 단기간에 끝인다면 일기의 영향은 청천이나 담천이나 다름이 없다. (6) 포장수분이 부족하지 않으면 관수를 해도 부패경감이나 발아촉진의 효과가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.94-101
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• 2001

종자처리 한 종자를 실제 포장에 파종기를 달리하여 포장환경과 양파의 생육과의 관계를 구명하여 양파 직파재배의 모델을 제시하기 위해 파종기별 포장출아율, 포장출아소요시간, 생육특성, 잡초발생, 수량특성 등을 조사하였다. 1.종자처리 종자의 포장출아율은 파종기간 차이가 없었고, 출아소요시간은 파종기가 늦어질수록 지연되었다. 2. 종자처리 종자의 직파재배 파종기는 9월 10일이 적기로 출아율과 출아소요시간은 각각 87과 192시간이었으며, 늦어 도 9월 20일 전에는 파종을 마쳐야 한다. 3. 이삭재배와 직파재배의 월동 전 유묘생장은 9월20일 파종까지는 직파재배에서 양호하였으며, 뿌리수가 직파재배묘에서 월등하게 많았다. 4. 월동 후 3월 8일 조사한 유묘생장은 전체 파종기에서 직파재배가 이식재배보다 양호하였는데 이후 조사에서는 생장의 차이가 점차 감소되었으며, 5월 8일 조사에서는 9월 20일 직파묘와 이식묘의 생장이 거의 비슷하였다. 5. 결주율은 이식재배 3%에 비해 직파재배에서는 13∼18%로 훨씬 높았으며, 그 정도는 파종이 지연 될수록 심하였다. 6. 평균 구중은 직파재 배에서 파종기가 늦어 질수록 감소하였는데, 직파재배와 이식재배에서 각각 230과 217g으로 직파재배에서 무거웠다. 7. 추대율은 직파재배가 이식재배 보다 높았으며, 파종이 지연될수록 약간 감소하였다. 8. 수량은 직파재배와 이식 재배가 각각 5,134와 5,300kg으로 이식재 배가 높았는데, 직파재배에서 파종이 늦어질수록 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 9. 품종간 평균 수량은 조생종과 중만생종에서 각각 3,750과 4,908kg으로 중만생종이 훨씬 높았고, 조생종에서는 소닉 품종이, 중만생종에서는 농우대고가 가장 높았다. 10. 흑색유공비닐 직파재배에서 발생 잡초는 흑쐐기풀 외 9종으로 흑쐐기풀, 민바랭이 및 개여뀌가 우점종이었으며, 파종기가 늦어 질수록 발생잡초량은 감소하였다.