• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 1976

This study investigates the one-year performance of the Seoul Metropolitan Rail Transit(SMRT) operation. It intends to provide a basic understanding for railway operation in Seoul Metropolitan Area and thereby for making rational transport policy. The paper is conceptually comprised of four sections; analysis of passenger travel characteristics; SMRT costing and traffic cost function: its operating characteristics in terms of finance and utilization; primary social benefits of SMRT and suggestions. In the first year of operation (1974), the average daily traffic was about 335,000, After the drastic increases of fare in both Subway and KNR rail-lines, the travel volume has been cut by almost 10 percent, though most pronounced on intra-Subway line. The spatial distribution of passengers indicates that travelers use the SMRT line mainly for uninterrupted direct travel toward the CBD. In the prospective costing, the opereting expenses are divided into three groups; those which vary directly with volume; those partially variable with volume; and those entirely unrelated to volume change, With this information, cost function was derived for varying schedules of operation. Primary social benefits of the SMRT are assessed, though preliminary. Account should be taken of the nature of common costs of the SMRT in fare-rate making, especially when much of the operating expenses are accounted for by the fixed costs such that the revenue may not readily turn into break-even. The accounting results of the one-year operation coincide reasonably well with the prospective costing estimates. According to the findings of this annd another travelers' behavior studies, managerial effort would bring more revenue gain to the SMRT than fare increase does, not to speak of greater social benefits by so doing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2011

There was a transition from participatory irrigation management (PIM) to public irrigation management (PubIM) in Korea when Korea Rural corporation and Community (KRC) merged with Farm Land Improvement Associations (FLIAs), which had managed 60 % of irrigation areas. While making a number of achievements, some problems occurred in the public irrigation management, such as lack of farmers' participation, increased amount of water usage, and elevating operating costs. Accordingly, this paper suggested ways to increase efficiency in water usage and reduce operating costs under the public management through the motive power of farmers participation. First, WUGs replaced the discarded water management committee should be reorganized to revive the concept of PIM in the form of autonomously reinforced one and the roles and functions of WUGs and the board of representatives should be strengthened. The member of new type of WUGs should participate in the national and regional water management committees as a stakeholder of irrigation water user. And also new type of WUGs initiates not only the management of irrigation water but also the management of irrigation water quality and non-point source pollution in the watersheds. Those additional activities of WUGs should be properly compensated. Second, subsidies (direct payments) should be provided to faithful farmers as an incentive for their labor supply. Third, water fees could be charged to large scale agriculture companies. Fourth, professional managers could be hired, management targets would be adjusted, and incentives should be offered. These efforts are expected to improve the irrigation management by encouraging farmers' participation under public system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7701-7706
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• 2013

Background: In a prospective cohort study of antiemetic therapy conducted in Malaysia, a total of 94 patients received low emetogenic chemotherapy (LEC) with or without granisetron injections as the primary prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). This study is a retrospective cost analysis of two antiemetic regimens from the payer perspective. Materials and Methods: This cost evaluation refers to 2011, the year in which the observation was conducted. Direct costs incurred by hospitals including the drug acquisition, materials and time spent for clinical activities from prescribing to dispensing of home medications were evaluated (MYR 1=$0.32 USD). As reported to be significantly different between two regimens (96.1% vs 81.0%; p=0.017), the complete response rate of acute emesis which was defined as a patient successfully treated without any emesis episode within 24 hours after LEC was used as the main indicator for effectiveness. Results: Antiemetic drug acquisition cost per patient was 40.7 times higher for the granisetron-based regimen than for the standard regimen (MYR 64.3 vs 1.58). When both the costs for materials and clinical activities were included, the total cost per patient was 8.68 times higher for the granisetron-based regimen (MYR 73.5 vs 8.47). Considering the complete response rates, the mean cost per successfully treated patient in granisetron group was 7.31 times higher (MYR 76.5 vs 10.5). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) with granisetron-based regimen, relative to the standard regimen, was MYR 430.7. It was found to be most sensitive to the change of antiemetic effects of granisetron-based regimen. Conclusions: While providing a better efficacy in acute emesis control, the low incidence of acute emesis and high ICER makes use of granisetron as primary prophylaxis in LEC controversial.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-179
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• 2000

Background : Economic evaluation of clinical pharmacokinetic consultation services for theophylline, which is being widely used recently, is considered in patients for both proper care and cost efficiency. Mathods : This is a cost-benefit analysis of clinical pharmacokinetic consultation service for theophylline. Trial groups were chosen from 2 general hospitals which was performing clinical pharmacokinetic consultation- services in 1998. Control group was chosen from another one general hospital. The analysis includes 25 patients (sample patients) for trial group and 17 patients for control group. Results : On the basis of incremental analysis, it is estimated that the total (direct and indirect) annual costs of the clinical, pharmacokinetic services of theophylline for the patients in the trial group was about \65 million, whereas total annual benefits from those services was estimated to be about \551 million. The net benefits incurred to the sample patients, thus calculated, was about \485 million per year. In the analysis, we assumed that indirect benefits accruing to those services were non-existent. If that amount was included, the estimated net benefits would be much greater than the calculated one. Conclusion : We found that clinical pharmacokinetic consultation services for theophylline could produce more marginal benefits than marginal costs by those services from the social point of view. More controlled prospective trial in the future would be helpful for affirmation of the results of this study.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.150-156
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• 2004

Though the concept of Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) itself is not new, its effectiveness for planning, design, rehabilitation and maintenance/management of civil infrastructures is becoming increasingly recognized. For the decision problems as in the case of the LCC of plant facilities, equipments, bridge decks, pavements, etc., the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is relatively simple, and thus its practical implementation is rather straightforward. However, when it comes to major infrastructures such as bridge, tunnels, underground facilities, etc., the LCCA problem becomes extremely complex because lack of cost data associated with various direct and indirect losses, and the absence of uncertainty data available for the assessment as well. As a result, the LCC studies have been largely limited only to those relatively simple LCCA problems of planning or conceptual design for making decisions. Accordingly, in the recent years, the researchers have pursued extensive studies on the LCC effectiveness mostly related to LCC models and frameworks for civil infrastructures. Moreover, recently the demand on the practical application of LCC effective decisions in design and maintenance is rapidly growing unprecedently in civil engineering practice. Indirction cost is very important on LCC formulation. But that is very difficult and complicate the estimation every LCC. The objective of this paper is to suggest efficient regression model for the estimation of indirect cost approach to the practical application of LCC for the design and rehabilitation of civil. infrastructures considering traffic, traffic network, detour condition, and workzone condition. In this paper, it performed the sensitivity analysis and correlation analysis of parameter for development of regression model of inflection cost.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.148-175
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• 2003

As mentioned above, Korean restaurant's menu price is to be decided by combining various factors. Korean restaurant is demanded to decide menu price more carefully than other restaurants do, because the number of Korean restaurant is the largest in Korea and Korean food is the most popular among the Korean people. Korean restaurant cannot neglect price competitiveness and is often given complaints from its customers. Because of such management difficulties, the number of Korean restaurant has recently decreased at special class hotels as well as common hotels. Korean restaurant managers are demanded to make efforts to inherit Korean tradition and culture by keeping pride and responsibility. Until now, Korean restaurants are thought to decide the menu prices in short-sighted, non-scientific and haphazard way of thinking. Such price decision factors have established traditions and have been generally accepted to let Korean restaurant managers lose carefulness at the menu price decision. In advanced countries, however, they recognized the importance of the price decision since the 1960's or earlier to research the menu price systematically and scientifically. Before deciding the menu prices, Korean restaurant managers are demanded to investigate various kinds of factors carefully and spend a lot of time to calculate direct costs, that is, one of the most important factors of cost calculations. The managers are demanded to decide the menu prices in reasonable and future-oriented way by keeping not private thinking but correct information and judgment. The sale of each menu has difference, while the menu price increase has been evaluated to be successful from overall point of view. Despite of increased total sale, there was not much difference of net profit because of increased material costs. However, higher level of the customers produced comfortable and cozy atmosphere of the restaurant enough to satisfy customers, and improved service quality much more. Not only customer satisfaction but also improved service quality is thought to play an important role in invitation of future customers.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.465-475
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• 2012

This study was carried out with two goals. One was the development of a model of a wind turbine blade airfoil and the other was the application of this folding blade. In general, in large-sized (MW) wind turbines, damage is prevented because of the use of a pitch control system. On the other hand, pitch control is not performed in small wind turbines since equipment costs and maintenance costs are high, and therefore, the blade will cause serious damage. The wind turbine proposed in this study does not require maintenance, and the blades do not break during high winds because they are folded in accordance with changes in the wind speed. But generators are not cut-out, while maintaining a constant angle will continue to produce. The focus of this study, the wind turbine is continued by folding blade system in strong winds and gusts without stopping production.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.738-766
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to figures out the impact on the business performance based on the case studies about the establishment of automated smart factories supported by the government. In this study, the effectiveness of supporting business is verified by comparing supported company with non-supported ones using methods such as T-test and ANOVA. The PSM method was used to solve the selection bias issue between the experimental group and the controlled group. The research results have shown that the effect of the supporting business to the automated system was tenuous, and the amount of sales and research and development costs was increased after a certain schedule passed in case of the supporting project to the smart factory. There is some time lag to appear the effect of the government supporting businesses and the supporting business to the automated system leads to long term sales increase by increasing parameters like research and development costs rather than direct influence. Therefore, this research will be useful information for the process of establishing useful basic data and policies which helps to secure new budget Government Supporting Businesses and find ways improve the business.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.81-113
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• 2009

This study conducted a regulatory impact analysis regarding the introduction of the Korean version of REACH(Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals). The direct cost of the Korean REACH is estimated at a total of 101 billion Korean won over the 11 year period. The cost includes pre-registration, testing, registration, Chemical Safety Assessment(CSA) and Chemical Safety Report(CSR), evaluation, and the authorization costs of 15,223 chemical substances produced and imported more than 1 ton per year in Korea in 2006. With regard to the benefit, the only public health benefit is included in the estimation. Based on the available foreign and domestic data, this study estimated that the economic values of public health benefits are in the range of 33.2~138.6 billion Korean won if only the savings of the National Health Expenditures are considered and it reaches 203.9~1,640.3 billion Korean won if the willingness to pay(WTP) for disease prevention is included. This study proved that the Korean REACH passed the cost/benefit criteria. The benefit-cost ratio of the Korean REACH, however, is estimated to be lower than its EU counterpart. Thus it is suggested that a rigorous study to reduce the costs to industry be required before the Korean government introduces the Korean REACH.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.12 no.1 s.28
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• pp.79-85
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• 2004

The GIS(Geographic Information System) projects require big initial investment and cost of maintenance. Decision makers would not launch GIS projects unless they are convinced of the benefits of the projects. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to develop an appropriate model for GIS project evaluation. We proposed a GIS project evaluation model and summarize the steps involved in Cost-Benefit Analysis(CBA). The costs of a GIS implementation include hardware and software cost, costs of database development, training expenses, annual maintenance expenses, and other annual expenses. The benefit by using GIS has been assessed into Type I(direct benefits), Type II(indirect benefits), Type III(benefits that result from the sale of information services), Type IV(intangible benefits).