• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

A $\alpha$-l, 4-D-glucan maltohydrolase $(\beta$-amylase), secreted by the mesophilic aerobic bacterium Bacillus polymyxa No.26, was purified and characterized. The enzyme production was increased after a logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and paralleled with the onset of bacterial sporulation. By applying anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration the enzyme was purified 16.7-fold and had a specific activity of 285.7 units/mg. Two enzyme activities were eluted on a column of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and they were designated as E-I for a major enzyme peak and E-II for a minor peak. Of them, E-I enzyme peak was further purified by using gel chromatography. The molecular mass of this enzyme was determined to be 64, 000 daltons and consisted of a single subunit, showing an isoelectric point of 8.9. The enzyme was able to attack specifically the $\alpha$-l, 4-glycosidic linkages in soluble starch and caused its complete hydrolysis to maltose and $\beta$-limited dextrin. This amylolytic enzyme displayed a temperature optimum at $45^\circ{C}$ and a pH optimum at 7.0. The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was quite similar to the other bacterial $\beta$-amylases reported. Surprisingly, the purified enzyme from this aerobe only exhibited hydrolytic activity on soluble starch, not on starch granules. The degradation of from starch by $\beta$-amylase was greatly stimulated by pullulanase addition. These results differentiated from other $\beta$-amylases reported. Based on a previous result that showed the enzyme system involves in effective degradation of raw starch granules, this result strongly suggested that the purified enzyme (E-I) can be a synergistic part of starch granule-digestion and E-II plays a crucial role in digestion of starch granules.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The high concentration of N in the wastewater from livestock farming generally renders the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, removal of N in livestock wastewater is crucial for successful treatment. The current study was conducted to investigate the optimum conditions for partial nitrification under anaerobic condition following nitritation in TPAD-BNR(two-phase anaerobic digestion-biological nitrogen removal) operating system. Sequential operating test to stimulate partial nitrification in reactor showed that partial nitrification occurred at a ratio of 1.24 in $NO_2{^-}$-N:$NH_4{^+}$-N. With this result, a wide range of factors affecting stable nitritation were examined through regression analysis. In the livestock wastewater treatment procedure, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and pH range for optimum nitrite accumulation in the reactor were 1-1.5 days and 7-8, respectively. It was appeared that accumulation of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the reactor is due to inhibition of the $NO_2{^-}$-N oxidizer by free ammonia (FA) while the effect of free nitrous acid was minimal. Nitrification was not influenced by DO concentration at a range of 2.0-3.0 mg/L and the difference in the growth rate between $NH_4{^+}$-N oxidizer and $NO_2{^-}$-N oxidizer was dependent on the temperature in the reactor.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2003

$TAO^{TM}$ System is an auto-heated thermophilic aerated digestion process using a proprietary microbe called as a Phototropic Bacteria (PTB). High metabolic activity results in heat generation, which enables to produce a pathogen-free and digested liquid fertilizer at short retention times. TAO$^{TM}$ system has been developed to reduce a manure volume and convert into the liquid fertilizer using swine manure since 1992. About 100 units have been installed and operated in Korean swine farms so far. TAO$^{TM}$ system consists of a reactor vessel and ejector-type aeration pumps and foam removers. The swine slurry manure enters into vessel with PTB and is mixed and aerated. The process is operated at detention times from 2 to 4 days and temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$. Foams are occurred and broken down by foam removers to evaporate water contents. Generally, at least 30% of water content is evaporated, 99% of volatile fatty acids caused an odor are removed and pathogen destruction is excellent with fecal coliform, rotavirus and salmonella below detection limits. The effluent from TAO$^{TM}$ system, called as the "TAO EFFLUX", is screened and has superb properties as a fertilizer. Normally N-P-K contents of screened TAO Efflux are 4.7 g/L, 0.375 g/L and 2.8 g/L respectively. The fertilizer effect of TAO EFFLUX compared to chemical fertilizer has been demonstrated and studied with various crops such as rice, potato, cabbage, pumpkin, green pepper, parsley, cucumber and apple. Generally it has better fertilizer effects and excellent soil fertility improvement effects. Moreover, the TAO EFFLUX is concentrated through membrane technology without fouling problems for a cost saving of long distance transportation and a commercialization (crop nutrient commodity) to a gardening market, for example.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 1986

부분도정한 보리를 미생물효소(Asp. niger 및 oryzae)에 의한 분해반응 및 미세 고형분의 용출, 여과, 침강 또는 원심분리, 건조 등의 과정을 거쳐 제분할 때, 보리가루 획분$(73{\sim}76%)$, 맥강, 배아, 종구등의 잔유물 획분(3.6% 내외) 그리고 가용성물질 획분 등으로 분리하여 얻을 수 있었다. 이 때 가장 좋은 효소반응 조건은 온도 $45^{\circ}C$, 보리와 물의 비율 1 : 1.5(w/v)였고, ${\alpha}-a-mylase$역가 보다는 glucanase 와 Protease의 역가가 높은 효소를 사용할 때 더 좋은 효과를 보였다. 그리고 얻어진 세가지 종류 획분의 성분 조성은 단백질, 지방, 섬유소 등에서 각각 현저한 차이를 보여, 각 획분의 특성별 구분 이용이 가능하였다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1998

폐플라스틱은 종류가 다양하고 분리가 어려워 재활용이 상당히 제한되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐플라스틱의 재활용을 위하여 PVC/PET 혼합물에서 두 물질을 분리하는 연구를 수행하였다. PVC/PET 표면의 물리화학적인 성질을 변화시킨 후 두 물질을 용이하고 경제적으로 분리할 수 있었다. NaOH 용액이 PVC/PET 표면성질의 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였으며 두 물질의 분리시 NaOH 농도, 조건부여 온도 및 시간, 부선용액의 pH 및 온도, PVC의 조성비 등이 분리도에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 최적의 조건을 얻었다. NaOH 용액으로 조건부여하고 소수성인 PET표면을 친수성으로 개질한 후 부선법을 이용하여 두 물질을 약 95∼100%까지 분리하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

This work discusses the palm oil mill processing carried out at Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd, situated at Selangor, Malaysia with the capacity of 45-t fresh fruit bunch (FFB)/h. Typically, oil palm residues and palm oil mill effluent (POME) from FFB are generated while processing. Prior to discharge, POME should be treated to remove pollutants in the effluent. As such, the performances of anaerobic and aerobic ponds were assessed in this study to determine temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), sludge volume index (SVI), and dissolved oxygen (DO). From the experiments, mesophilic temperature due to better process stability was applied in anaerobic ponds. The pH results displayed a fluctuating trend between lower control limit and upper control limit, and, the pH value increased from one pond to another. The final discharge BOD and SVI appeared to be lower than 100 mg/L and 10 mL/L indicating low degree of pollution and good settling ability for biomass/solid. DO was close to normal, mostly below 2 mg/L. The experimental outcomes revealed the effective treatability of POME in adherence to the standard regulation, which is the priority for environmental sustainability within this industry domain.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 1991

배추흰나비 P. rapae와 P. brassicae GV의 DNA성상과 이를 기초로한 상동성을 검정한 결과 Tm값에서는 P. rapae GV DNA는 $83.7^{\circ}C$이고, P. brassicae GV DNA의 경우는 $84.0^{\circ}C$로 G+C 함량은 전자가 35.5%, 후자가 35.9%였다. 그리고 제한산소처리에 의한 DNA의 분석에서는 P. Rapae GV의 genome의 크기는 103 kb, P. brassicae GV DNA는 108kb로 나타났으며, 두바이러스 간의 상동성은 97.0%였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2016

Generation of food waste is a serious issue that needs to be addressed worldwide. Developing suitable treatment methods while generating energy (methane) is a common practice for sustainable treatment of waste. In this study, methane generation by food waste was investigated in mesophilic and thermophilic regimes at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and organic loading rates (OLR). In temperature regimes, influent concentrations and HRTs ranged from 30 to 110 g COD/L and 18 to 30 days, respectively, which corresponding to an OLR of 1.0 to $6.1kg\;COD/m^3-d$. Better methane production and organic removal was observed under thermophilic conditions because of the enhanced hydrolysis of complex polymers and microbial activity at higher temperature. The peak methane productivities attained in thermophilic and mesophilic regimes were 1.30 and $0.99m^3/m^3-d$, respectively. The maximum methane yields were achieved at 50 g COD/L and HRT of 24 d in both cases, and the values were 264 and $221m^3/ton$ COD, respectively. The results of this study will facilitate the development of sustainable methane production technologies using food waste as a feedstock.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2010

In our review, the conclusions on the concept and principle of perspiration are as follows. 1. It is the physiological perspiration that Qingyang(淸陽) from Jing(精), Qi(氣), Xie(血) synthesized by digestion of food and drink(水穀), is increased and secreted from pores on the skin(腠理). 2. The main center to control perspiration is heart(心), but lver(肝), stomach(胃), spleen(脾), lung(肺), bladder(膀胱), kidney(腎) and triple energizer(三焦) can be also related to perspiration indirectly. 3. As Weiqi(衛氣) make the body warm and keep the body temperature constant by controlling perspiration, it is very important to make a diagnosis of Weiqi(衛氣) Xushi(虛實) by skin temperature. 4. We guess that perspiration can be secreted by the control of BiaoLi-YinYang(表裏陰陽) such as centrifugal(氣) and centrifetal force(形) of Qi(氣). 5. Sweating therapy can make the level of Biaoyang(表陽) correct and control the balance between centrifugal(氣) and centrifetal force(形) of Qi(氣).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2021

Agarwood (Aquilaria spp) has high economic value. However, essential oil production from agarwood is a time-consuming process. Additionally, agarwood leaves have not been utilized even though they contain various bioactive ingredients. In this study, agarwood leaves were fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 with or without Stevia (4, 8, and 12%; v/v). The fermented fluid was mixed with maltodextrin (15%; w/v) and subjected to spray drying (inlet temperature, 120℃; outlet temperature, 65-70℃). The contents of polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids and the viability of L. plantarum were determined. Fermentation enhanced the levels of bioactive compounds. The contents of polyphenol (69.19 ± 4.05 mg GAE/g of sample), polysaccharide (20.75 ± 0.98 mg GE/g of sample), saponin (305.23 ± 4.21 mg OAE/g of sample), and flavonoid (7.86 ± 0.72 mg QE/g of sample), and the viability of L. plantarum (8.72 ± 0.17 log CFU/ml) were markedly upregulated in the samples containing Stevia (12%; v/v). This indicated that the supplementation of Stevia during fermentation decreases the fermentation time (9 h), upregulates bioactive compound production in agarwood leaves, enhances microencapsulation during spray drying, and increases the viability of L. plantarum under simulated gastric digestion conditions.