• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.2101-2112
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• 2024

Objective: The current study investigated the effects of mulberry 1-deoxynijirimycin (DNJ) on the digestion ability, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier of rabbits. Methods: A total of 36 New Zealand White rabbits (male) about 45 days old (mean body weight of 1.05±0.04 kg) were reared and commercial diets were employed, and afterwards divided into three groups (n = 12) with different levels of DNJ extract additive in feed: T₀ (0 g/kg), T₁ (0.35 g/kg), T₂ (0.7 g/kg) for 28 d. Results: The results demonstrated that T₂ decreased the average daily gain (p<0.05). T₁ and T₂ decreased villus height and inflammatory factor levels as compared with T₀ (p<0.05). DNJ significantly decreased the content of valeric acid (p<0.05). The content of acetic acid, propionic acid, iso butyric acid, iso valeric acid in T₁ were higher than those in T₀ and T₂ (p<0.05). The content of butyric acid in T₂ was lower than it in T₀ and T₁ (p<0.05). The content of caproic acid was firstly improved then reduced as the DNJ concentration improved (p<0.05). T₂ significantly increased the abundance of dgA-11_gut_group and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group while decreased Bacteroide and Ralstonia as compared with T₀ (p<0.05). Compared with T₀, T₁, and T₂ significantly improved the gene expression of JAM2, JAM3, mucin4, mucin6 (p<0.05), T₁ significantly decreased the expression of occluding while T₂ significantly increased (p<0.05), T₂ significantly increased the expression of claudin1 and claudin2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: DNJ at high level changed microbiome compositions, inhibited inflammation, and improved intestinal barrier while it decreased the growth performance and shorted villus height in rabbit jejunum by regulating short chain fatty acid compositions in rabbits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the ruminal digestion (i.e., degradability) of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Twenty six enzyme-additives were examined in terms of protein concentration and enzymic activities on model substrates. The exogenous enzymes contained ranges of endoglucanase, xylanase, ${\beta}$-glucanase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and protease activities. Six of the enzyme additives were chosen for further investigation. The enzyme additives and a control without enzyme were applied to mature quality alfalfa hay substrate and subsequently incubated in rumen batch cultures. Five of the enzyme additives (CE2, CE13, CE14, CE19, and CE24) increased total gas production (GP) at 48 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). The two additives (CE14 and CE24) having the greatest positive effects on alfalfa hay dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradability were further characterized for their ability to enhance degradation of low quality forages. The treatments CE14, CE24, a 50:50 combination of CE14 and CE24 (CE14+24), and control (no enzyme) were applied to mature alfalfa hay and rice straw. For alfalfa hay, application of the two enzyme additives, alone and in combination, increased GP compared to the control at 48 h fermentation (p<0.05), whereas only CE14 and CE14+24 treatments improved GP from rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations throughout the incubation of rice straw were analyzed. Acetate concentration was slightly lower (p<0.05) for CE14${\times}$CE24 compared to the control, although individually, CE14 and CE24 acetate concentrations were not different from the control. Increases (p<0.05) in alfalfa hay NDF degradability measured at 12 and 48 h of incubation occurred only for CE14 (at 12 h) and for CE14+24 (at 12 and 48 h). Similarly, ADF degradability increased (p<0.05) with CE14 and CE14+24. As for rice straw, increased DM degradability was observed at 12 and 48 h of incubation for all enzyme treatments with an exception for CE14 at 12 h. The degradability of NDF was improved by all the enzyme treatments at either incubation time, while ADF degradability was only enhanced at 48 h. Overall, the enzymes led to enhanced digestion of mature alfalfa and there was evidence of improved digestibility of rice straw, an even lower quality forage.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.290-308
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• 1999

In this study a system for the treatment or recyling of organic wastes from both urban and rural area was recommended. It was developed based on the resource recovery system regarding human being by four tectnologies; forage, methane production, high-grade composting and complete decomposition. High quality compost can be produced by combining several kind of wastes produced from urban and agricultural areas. High quality compost must possess not only general characteristics of ordinary compost, but also a superior ability to improve the soil properties and must contain more nutrients for plant. Cedar chips were recommended as the main bulking agent to adjust moisture contents and air permeability. Charcoal and zeolite can be used not only as the second bulking agent but also as fertilizer for improve the soil amendment. Complete decomposition of organic wastes is defined by organic matter being completely converted to $CO_2$ and water. All the input water was evaporated by the heat produced through the oxidation of organic matter, In the present study, the complete treatments were successfully achieved for Shochu wastewater, swine wastes, thickened excess sewage sludge, wastes produced by Chinese restaurant and anaerobic digested sludge. First of all, recycling center of organic wastes should be established for the protect the environments and effective recovery of organic resources. This may means the way to derive the recovery of human value.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

This work discusses the palm oil mill processing carried out at Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd, situated at Selangor, Malaysia with the capacity of 45-t fresh fruit bunch (FFB)/h. Typically, oil palm residues and palm oil mill effluent (POME) from FFB are generated while processing. Prior to discharge, POME should be treated to remove pollutants in the effluent. As such, the performances of anaerobic and aerobic ponds were assessed in this study to determine temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), sludge volume index (SVI), and dissolved oxygen (DO). From the experiments, mesophilic temperature due to better process stability was applied in anaerobic ponds. The pH results displayed a fluctuating trend between lower control limit and upper control limit, and, the pH value increased from one pond to another. The final discharge BOD and SVI appeared to be lower than 100 mg/L and 10 mL/L indicating low degree of pollution and good settling ability for biomass/solid. DO was close to normal, mostly below 2 mg/L. The experimental outcomes revealed the effective treatability of POME in adherence to the standard regulation, which is the priority for environmental sustainability within this industry domain.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 1992

Among the nutrients of biological importance, minerals are of particular interest in human nutrition because the range of adequate intake is so narrow. As the results of a series of interaction experiments between dietary fiber sources and minerals, there are many inconsistencies in the experimental data regarding the effect of dietary fibers on mineral bioavailability. the mechanism by which dietary fiber might influence mineral absorption is related to its physicochemical properties. These properties involve the ability of dietary fiber to (1) act as a weak cation exchanger, (2) decrease transit time, (3) dilute mineral concentration by increasing fecal bulk and (4) resist digestion in the large bowel. Regardless of the large number of human and animal studies available, a carful review of these publications dose not provide the answer as to whether the adverse effect of dietary fibers on mineral absorption is the fiber itself or some associated dietary factors( e.g. phytate, oxalate, ascorbate, citrate and protein, mineral-mineral interaction, etc) that are responsible for this action. As a result of the complexity of interaction that may take place between minerals. dietary fiber, and other component of food ; it becomes very difficult to blame fiber alone as a negative factor of mineral nutrition. We absolutely need more research with advanced tools rather than metabolic balance study.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.338-344
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• 2021

In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1980

Lowland and upland rice were grown concurrently under the both lowland and upland conditions. Yield and its components such as one liter weight, 1, 000 grain weight, number of grain per panicle and number of panicle per hill were compared between varieties and between cultural conditions. Variations of rice quality were also observed about amylose content, alkali digestion value and protein content between varieties and cultural conditions. Most of lowland varieties showed high growing vigour and yielding ability in lowland culture, and they also showed high variations between the lowland and upland cultures compared to upland variety. Upland varieties were revealed higher adaptability in productivity to the lowland condition than upland condition.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2024

The objective of the present study was to validate the analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of four trace metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) in extracted fish lipids using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS. The extracted lipids using Bligh and Dyer method were digested by means of microwave-assisted acid digestion and introduced into an optimized ICP-MS instrument. The validation of the analytical method was carried out in accordance with the international standards and guidelines outlined in the European Pharmacopeia (2022), which included specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The linearity ranges of the calibration curves were R² > 0.999, while the relative standard deviation (%RSD) for precision was within 5%. All targeted trace metals have shown mean recoveries between 88.0%-114.9%. The obtained LOD and LOQ values for this analytical protocol indicated the ability to detect and quantify of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg at trace levels. The overall validation confirms the described analytical method was appropriate for routine analyses of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in fish lipids.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.172-172
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• 2011

Anaerobic digestion(AD) has successfully been used for many applications that have conclusively demonstrated its ability to recycle biogenic wastes. AD has been successfully applied in industrial waste water treatment, stabilsation of sewage sludge, landfill management and recycling of biowaste and agricultural wastes as manure, energy crops. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is primarily composed of methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) with smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and ammonia(NH3), trace gases such as hydrogen(H2), nitrogen(N2), carbon monoxide(CO), oxygen(O2) and contain dust particles and siloxanes. The production and utilisation of biogas has several environmental advantages such as i)a renewable energy source, ii)reduction the release of methane to the atomsphere, iii)use as a substitute for fossil fuels. In utilisation of biogas, most of biogas produced from small scale plant e.g. farm-scale AD plant are used to provide as energy source for cooking and lighting, in most of the industrialised countries for energy recovery, environmental and safety reasons are used in combined heat and power(CHP) engines or as a supplement to natural. In particular, biogas to use as vehicle fuel or for grid injection there different biogas treatment steps are necessary, it is important to have a high energy content in biogas with biogas purification and upgrading. The energy content of biogas is in direct proportion to the methane content and by removing trace gases and carbon dioxide in the purification and upgrading process the energy content of biogas in increased. The process of purification and upgrading biogas generates new possibilities for its use since it can then replace natural gas, which is used extensively in many countries, However, those technologies add to the costs of biogas production. It is important to have an optimized purification and upgrading process in terms of low energy consumption and high efficiency giving high methane content in the upgraded gas. A number of technologies for purification and upgrading of biogas have been developed to use as a vehicle fuel or grid injection during the passed twenty years, and several technologies exist today and they are continually being improved. The biomethane which is produced from the purification and the upgrading process of biogas has gained increased attention due to rising oil and natural gas prices and increasing targets for renewable fuel quotes in many countries. New plants are continually being built and the number of biomethane plants was around 100 in 2009.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 1994

For the development of biological wastewater treatment process using photosynthetic bacteria (PSB), photosynthetic sludge process consisted of anaerobic digestion and PSB reactor were designed for the treatment of swine wastewater and the optimal operating conditions in flask-scale were examined. Photosynthetic bacteria from soil, pond, rice field, ditch etc. were isolated in synthetic medium containing high amount of organic acids and finally isolated one strain KK14 which showed the most degradating ability of organic acids was selected for the treatment of swine wastewater. It was identified as Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In the anaerobic digestion stage, the maximum organic acid productivity was obtained at pH 5.0, $37^{\circ}C$, HRT 2 day and under anaerobic standing condition. The optimal operating conditions of PSB reactor for the treatment of swine wastewater were pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ under 4,000 lux illumination, and optimal initial COD loading (kg COD/kg D. C. W of PSB) was 2 (20% v/v seeding) in the main purification stage. Maximum removal rate of COD reached 92% under the above optimal conditions for 5 days.