• 천문학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2011

We calculate the energy spectra of cosmic ray (CR) protons and electrons at a plane shock with quasi-parallel magnetic fields, using time-dependent, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) simulations, including energy losses via synchrotron emission and Inverse Compton (IC) scattering. A thermal leakage injection model and a Bohm type diffusion coefficient are adopted. The electron spectrum at the shock becomes steady after the DSA energy gains balance the synchrotron/IC losses, and it cuts off at the equilibrium momentum $p_{eq}$. In the postshock region the cutoff momentum of the electron spectrum decreases with the distance from the shock due to the energy losses and the thickness of the spatial distribution of electrons scales as $p^{-1}$. Thus the slope of the downstream integrated spectrum steepens by one power of p for $p_{br}$ < p < $p_{eq}$, where the break momentum decreases with the shock age as $p_{br}\;{\infty}\;t^{-1}$. In a CR modified shock, both the proton and electron spectrum exhibit a concave curvature and deviate from the canonical test-particle power-law, and the upstream integrated electron spectrum could dominate over the downstream integrated spectrum near the cutoff momentum. Thus the spectral shape near the cutoff of X-ray synchrotron emission could reveal a signature of nonlinear DSA.

• 한국비블리아학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.151-174
• /
• 2017

인터넷의 보급, ICT 기술 발전, 디지털 확산으로 학술 커뮤니케이션의 효율화와 고속화, 연구방법의 간소화와 가속화가 진행되고 있으며, 학술정보 유통 패러다임이 변하고 있다. 본 연구는 고유 저자식별자인 ORCID에 대한 내용을 소개하고, ORCID 조직의 활동과 연구자, 연구기관에 주는 장점, 회원현황을 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 미국, 영국, 이탈리아, 중국 등 해외 주요 국가들의 ORCID 도입 및 활용 사례를 소개하고자 한다. 이를 바탕으로 국가 차원에서 저자 식별을 위한 노력으로 ORCID 활용에 필요한 고려사항들을 거버넌스, 시스템 요소, 정책적 제도적 측면에서 제안하였다.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.295-306
• /
• 2015

Simulating natural leaching process for cementitious materials is essential to perform long-term safety assessments of repositories for nuclear waste. However, the current test methods in literature are time consuming, limited to crushed material and often produce small size samples which are not suitable for further testing. This paper presents the results from the study of the physical (gas permeability as well as chloride diffusion coefficient) and mechanical properties (tensile and compressive strength and elastic modulus) of solid cementitious specimens which have been depleted in calcium by the use of a newly developed method for accelerated calcium leaching of solid specimens of flexible size. The results show that up to 4 times increase in capillary water absorption, 10 times higher gas permeability and at least 3 times higher chloride diffusion rate, is expected due to complete leaching of the Portlandite. This coincides with a 70 % decrease in mechanical strength and more than 40 % decrease in elastic modulus.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.90.1-90.1
• /
• 2012

Understanding the dynamics of relativistic electron acceleration, loss, and transport in the Earth's radiation belt during magnetic storms is a challenging task. The U.S. National Science Foundation's Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) has identified five magnetic storms for in-depth study that occurred during the second half of the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) mission in the year 1991. In this study, we show the responses of relativistic radiation belt electrons to the magnetic storms by comparing the time-dependent 3-D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) simulations with the CRRES MEA 1 MeV electron observations in order to investigate the relative roles of the competing effects of previously proposed scattering mechanisms at different storm phases, as well as to examine the extent to which the simulations can reproduce observations. The major scattering processes in our model are radial transport due to Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) electromagnetic fluctuations, pitch-angle and energy diffusion including mixed diffusion by whistler mode chorus waves outside the plasmasphere, and pitch-angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss inside the plasmasphere. We provide a detailed description of simulations for each of the GEM storm events.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.25-78
• /
• 2005

As a key and core knowledge for the design of various types of nuclear reactors, the discipline of reactor physics has been advanced continually in the past six decades and has led to a very sophisticated fabric of analysis methods and computer codes in use today. Notwithstanding, the discipline faces interesting challenges from next-generation nuclear reactors and innovative new fuel designs in the coming. After presenting a brief overview of important tasks and steps involved in the nuclear design and analysis of a reactor, this article focuses on the currently-used design and analysis methods, issues and limitations, and current activities to resolve them as follows: (1) Derivation of the multi group transport equations and the multi group diffusion equations, with representative solution methods thereof. (2) Elements of modem (now almost three decades old) diffusion nodal methods. (3) Limitations of nodal methods such as transverse integration, flux reconstruction, and analysis of UO2-MOX mixed cores. Homogenization and related issues. (4) Description of the analytic function expansion nodal (AFEN) method. (5) Ongoing efforts for three-dimensional whole-core heterogeneous transport calculations and acceleration methods. (6) Elements of spatial kinetics calculation methods and coupled neutronics and thermal-hydraulics transient analysis. (7) Identification of future research and development areas in advanced reactors and Generation-IV reactors, in particular, in very high temperature gas reactor (VHTR) cores.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.25-39
• /
• 2010

We perform kinetic simulations of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in Type Ia supernova remnants (SNRs) expanding into a uniform interstellar medium (ISM). Bohm-like diffusion due to self-excited $Alfv\acute{e}n$ waves is assumed, and simple models for $Alfv\acute{e}nic$ drift and dissipation are adopted. Phenomenological models for thermal leakage injection are considered as well. We find that the preshock gas temperature is the primary parameter that governs the cosmic ray (CR) acceleration efficiency and energy spectrum, while the CR injection rate is a secondary parameter. For SNRs in the warm ISM of $T_0\lesssim10^5K$, if the injection fraction is $\xi\gtrsim10^{-4}K$, the DSA is efficient enough to convert more than 20% of the SN explosion energy into CRs and the accelerated CR spectrum exhibits a concave curvature flattening to $E^{-1.6}$, which is characteristic of CR modified shocks. Such a flat source spectrum near the knee energy, however, may not be reconciled with the CR spectrum observed at Earth. On the other hand, SNRs in the hot ISM of$T_{0}\approx10^{6}K$ with a small injection fraction, $\xi$<$10^{-4}$, are inefficient accelerators with less than 10% of the explosion energy getting converted to CRs. Also the shock structure is almost test-particle like and the ensuing CR spectrum can be steeper than $E^{-2}$. With amplified magnetic field strength of order of $30{\mu}G$ $Alfv\acute{e}n$ waves generated by the streaming instability may drift upstream fast enough to make the modified test-particle power-law as steep as $E^{-2.3}$, which is more consistent with the observed CR spectrum.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권1호
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2022

Motivated by the high-resolution properties of high-order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) and flux limiter (FL) for steep-gradient problems and the robust convergence of Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) methods for nonlinear systems, the preconditioned JFNK fully implicit high-order WENO and FL schemes are proposed to solve the transient two-phase two-fluid models. Specially, the second-order fully-implicit BDF2 is used for the temporal operator and then the third-order WENO schemes and various flux limiters can be adopted to discrete the spatial operator. For the sake of the generalization of the finite-difference-based preconditioning acceleration methods and the excellent convergence to solve the complicated and various operational conditions, the random vector instead of the initial condition is skillfully chosen as the solving variables to obtain better sparsity pattern or more positions of non-zero elements in this paper. Finally, the WENO_JFNK and FL_JFNK codes are developed and then the two-phase steep-gradient problem, phase appearance/disappearance problem, U-tube problem and linear advection problem are tested to analyze the convergence, computational cost and efficiency in detailed. Numerical results show that WENO_JFNK and FL_JFNK can significantly reduce numerical diffusion and obtain better solutions than traditional methods. WENO_JFNK gives more stable and accurate solutions than FL_JFNK for the test problems and the proposed finite-difference-based preconditioning acceleration methods based on the random vector can significantly improve the convergence speed and efficiency.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 2004

여러 종류의 불소고분자내로 다양한 유기용매들의 동적 흡수 평형 (혹은 팽윤) 실험을 진행하였다. 불소로 포화된 고분자는 이상적 흡수 거동을 나타내었으나 부분적으로 치환된 불소고분자는 최종 흡수단계에서 가속화되는 비이상적 흡수 거동을 나타내었다. 회귀분석에 의해 픽-확산 거동으로부터 벗어나는 정도를 최소자승법 (즉, ∑ ［측정값-예측값］$^2$)으로 구한 결과 -퍼플루오로알콕시 공중합체, 폴리(에틸렌 테트라플루오로에틸렌) 공중합체, 폴리(비닐리덴 플루오라이드), 폴리(에틸렌 클로로트리플루오로에틸렌) 공중합체에 대해 각각 3.0${\times}$$10^{-4}$, 1.75${\times}$$10^{-3}$, 8.68${\times}$$10^{-3}$, 1.75${\times}$$10^{-2}$의 수치를 나타내었다. 응력-변형 실험 결과 비-픽 확산 거동은 팽윤된 불소고분자의 기계적 성질 (탄성률과 인장 강도) 변화와 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 비이상적 흡수 거동의 주요 원인은 치환된 수소 혹은 염소와 불소원자 간의 전기음성도 차이에 기인한 사슬 간극성 결합 구조가 침투성분의 가소화 효과에 의해 비선형적 이완이 진행되면서 비-픽 확산이 진행되기 때문이다. 따라서 부분적으로 치환된 불소고분자를 차단성 혹은 선택적 투과기능이 요구되는 분야에 적용할 때 가소화 성분에 대한 용해 및 확산 거동에 대한 신중한 고찰이 필요하다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.259-271
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 시멘트 모르타르계 충전재에서 염화물의 확산에 의해 발생할 수 있는 록볼트의 부식 가능성을 예측하고자 하였다. 장기적인 내구성 측면에서 지하수에 포함된 황산염이나 염화물과 같은 화학적 성분들에 의해 록볼트 성능이 저하될 수 있으며, 특히 록볼트 강봉은 주로 염화물에 의해 부식된다. 이러한 록볼트의 부식은 강봉의 체적 팽창을 야기하여 결국 록볼트 충전재에 균열을 발생시키게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 염화물에 의한 록볼트의 부식여부를 평가하고 록볼트의 장기 내구성을 예측하기 위한 척도로서, 시멘트 모르타르계 충전재의 염화물 확산계수를 이용하였다. 이때 염화물 확산계수를 측정하기 위하여 전기촉진시험법을 적용하였다.또한 실험실조건에서 록볼트의 인발내력을 보다 쉽게 측정하기 위하여 간단한 인발시험 시스템을 새롭게 제안하였다. 본 연구의 실험결과, 일반적인 콘크리트 재료에서보다 시멘트 모르타르계 충전재에서 염화물의 확산이 더욱 용이 한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 록볼트가 완전 충전된 경우라 할지라도 부식을 발생시킬 수 있는 화학적 성분의 농도가 높은 경우, 화학적 성분의 확산에 의해서 단기간에 록볼트가 쉽게 부식될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.29-33
• /
• 1999

Verneuil 법에 의해 성장된 무색 sapphire {0001}, ${10\bar{1}0}$ 결정면에 전이금속 Cr을 확산시키고, 물리적, 전기적, 광학적 특성을 개선하였다. 확산분말은 금속산화물 분말과 금속분말을 혼합한 후 사용하였다. 혼합분말을 사용하였을 때 확산은 오랜시간 높은 온도를 필요로 하며 상대적으로 서서히 이루어 졌다. 금속분말은 $1{\times}10^{-4}$ torr, $2050^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 1차 기화하였고 이후 $2050~2150^{\circ}C$, 질소가압 6 atm의 확산조건에서 유지하였다. 사파이어의 표면밀도는 0.2254(c)와 $0.1199\;atom/{\AA}^2(a)$이었다. 확산이 이루어진 sapphires는 붉은색으로 변하였다. 고용반응은 ${10\bar{1}0}$ 결정면이 {0001} 보다 더욱 깊게 확산되었고, 면밀도가 확산효과를 결정하는 주요인자이었다.